2016-01-21

Webclicker 2.56 Crack

HeadStrong WebClicker download 2.56

Shareware Junction periodically updates pricing and software information of HeadStrong WebClicker v.2 56 full version from the publisher using pad file and submit.

Download HeadStrong WebClicker 2.56 keygen crack. Review this Software. Name . Email . Website. Comment. You may use these HTML tags and.

Found results for webclicker 2.56. Includes crack, serial keygen. Our results are updated in real-time and rated by our users.

Headstrong webclicker 2.56 crack Cracks, serials, keygens, patches free find crack, serial, magix audio studio crack keygen: headstrong webclicker heavyload hslab.

Ja es ist soweit.

Hier ist er.

Webclicker 2.56 Crack.

Er erfüllt den Dienst genauso wie der Hitfaker, hat aber einige Funktionen mehr und lässt die getätigten Hits authentischer aussehen.

Mehr dazu im folgenden Tutorial.

Viel Spaß beim Hitfaken.

_____________________________________________________________________

Ihr installiert den Webclicker 2.56 und fügt dann den Crack in den Installationsordner ein.

Danach startet ihr den Webclicker.

Nun sollte sich der Webclicker öffnen.

Die erste Seite ist uninteressant also wechseln wir gleich oben in den Registerkarten zu Proxylist.

Nun sollte es so aussehen:

Wie zu erwarten importieren wir in der Registerkarte Proxylist unsere Proxyliste.

Dazu klicken wir den Button im blauen Kasten an und importieren somit die Proxylist Textdatei.

Hier nochmal der Hinweis eine täglich aktualisierende Proxyliste bekommt ihr hier auf

Sobald ihr eure Proxylist geladen habt erscheinen die Proxies im ip:port Format im Fenster darüber.

Achtung: Wenn ihr den Crack Registierungformular nicht im Installationsorder habt könnt ihr maximal 10 Proxies importieren, also rate ich euch dringend den Crack einzufügen.

Nun wechselt in den Registerkarten zu URL Lists

Nun erscheint dieses Fenster:

Hier gebt ihr einfach im blauen Kasten euer Target, also den Link, der gefakt werden soll, ein.

Wechselt nun in die Registerkarte Configuration :

Hier könnt ihr zusätzliche Einstellungen vornehmen.

ACHTUNG: Es ist wichtig den Document Referer zu ändern, z.B. in www.google.com oder www.youtube.com

Wenn ihr den Webclicker zum ersten Mal startet wird kein Häckchen bei Delay between two URLs blauer kasten vorhanden sein.

Diese Funktion macht nichts anderes als zwischen jedem Hit bestimmte Sekunden zu warten um den Hit dadurch authentischer zu machen.

Hierbei gibt es 2 Möglichkeiten:

oranger Kasten

constant delay of:

Hierbei hält der Webclicker immer genau diesen Zeitraum zwischen jeden Hit aus und erledigt dann erst den nächsten Hit.

random delay:

Hierbei sucht sich der Webclicker eine bestimmte Zeit aus der eingestellen Zeitspanne aus und wartet diese zwischen zwei Hits ab.

Die Wartezeit zwischen jedem Hit wechselt innerhalb der Zeitspanne.

Macht ihr kein Häckchen bei Delay between URLs so wartet der Webclicker nicht zwischen jeden Hit und springt nach Beenden eines Hits sofort zum Nächsten.

Gelber Kasten

Im gelben Kasten könnt ihr einstellen ob der Webclicker einen Loop machen soll also wenn er einmal mit den Proxies durch ist erneut von vorne anfängt.

Mix between Loops mischt die Proxies zwischen jedem Loop.

Start with proxy legt den Proxy fest mit der der Webclicker anfangen soll.

Die anderen Funktionen erklären sich von alleine.

Nun ist es soweit ihr könnt den Webclicker starten indem ihr auf den Button Start über der Registerkarte Proxylist klickt.

Um nun den Verlauf der Hits verfolgen zu können switcht in die Registerkarte Progress Window

blauer Kasten zeigt welcher Proxy grad am arbeiten ist.

gelber Kasten zeigt die erfolgreichen/fehlgeschlagenen Hits an

roter Kasten gibt den Verlauf der Hits an. Welcher Proxy funktioniert hat und welcher nicht.

Nun wartet ab und sieht zu wie der Webclicker seine Arbeit macht ;

Hoffe das Tutorial erklärt den Umgang mit dem Webclicker verständlich genug.

Bei Fragen: noconceptmail googlemail.com.

Found results for Webclicker 2.56 crack, serial keygen. Our results are updated in real-time and rated by our users.

Webclicker 2.56 Ja es ist soweit. Hier ist er. Webclicker 2.56 Crack. Er erfüllt den Dienst genauso wie der Hitfaker, hat aber einige Funktionen mehr und lässt.

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Because we respect copyright and licenses of HeadStrong WebClicker by using crack, keygen, warez password, serial code, pirate keys on HeadStrong WebClicker 2.56 is illegal and can stop future developments. Current 2.56 downloads are reviewed by us and in any case we do not accept HeadStrong WebClicker download torrent files, free upload services including MegaUpload, ADrive, Badongo, DepositFiles, DivShare, Letitbit, LiveMesh, Rapidshare, box.net, MediaFire, MegaUpload, SendSpace, SkyDrive, YouSendIt are strictly prohibited.

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Webclicker 2.56 Crack Serial Download Full Version Found 6 results for Webclicker 2.56. Full version downloads available, all hosted on high speed servers.

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2016-01-21

Hawking Technology Drivers Usb Serial

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2016-01-21

Amd Phenom Ii X4 Driver Windows 7

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AMD processors, graphics cards and APUs are designed using technology with a high level of visual computing capabilities.

May 20, 2015 The Witcher 3 Gameplay on Windows 8.1 with a Asus HD 7870 2GB Videocard and a AMD Phenom II X4 965 BE CPU. Hardware: CPU: AMD Phenom II X4.

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Memory 16 GB Ripjaws 4 DDR4-2800 F4-2800C16Q-16GRK

Graphics Card EVGA GTX 980 Classified

Sound Card On Board

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Keyboard Logitech G510s

Mouse Logitech G502 Proteus

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Case Corsair 750D - for now

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One particular damaging results of a impaired AMD Phenom tm II X4 955 Processor could be a reduced via the internet link, even so the not so great news do not end at.

2016-01-21

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2016-01-21

Activate Emerald Card

A Card that Works Year-Round

Open

No fees to open. Visit a tax office and leave with a year-round banking solution.

Load

Add payroll, government benefits, cash118 and checks124, anytime all year long.

Make purchases anywhere and access your money with MoneyPass ATMs.117

Track

Keep track of your account 24/7 using our online and mobile tools.

Easily Add Money

Direct Deposit For Faster Access

Avoid check cashing fees with Direct Deposit of your payroll, unemployment or government benefits and have immediate access to your money on payday.113

Approved Reload Networks

And, you can load cash to your card at any time at your local Walmart, 7-Eleven or Dollar General and many more locations. Sign In or use your H R Block Emerald Mobile Banking App to find a participating reload location near you.118

Check to Card

Use the H R Block Emerald Card Mobile Banking App to load check funds onto your Emerald Card using your mobile phone, with options for Funding in Minutes fees apply or Funding in 10 days no fee. 124

Transfer money

Send funds from linked checking accounts directly to your card. You can schedule automatic transfers or just make transfers as needed.Disclaimer number 131. Scroll to bottom of page.

Use it Anywhere You Go

Make Purchases

Use anywhere Debit MasterCard cards are accepted.

Cash Back with Purchase

Get cash back with purchase at many merchants, generally without a fee135, including grocery, drug and discount stores.

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Get cash anytime, 24 hours a day at more than 400,000 ATM locations displaying the MasterCard Acceptance Mark. You can avoid additional network fees by getting cash at over 24,000 ATMs nationwide which are located in many convenient national retail locations.117

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H R Block Emerald Cash Rewards gives you111 cash rewards at your favorite stores. All you have to do is shop with your card. No coupons to cut, or points to track – ever.

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Save time paying bills with our fast and easy mobile and online tools.114

Safer than carrying cash

Your money is FDIC insured and the U.S. MasterCard Zero Liability policy protects you from unauthorized purchases, theft and fraud.121

Keep More of Your Hard-Earned Money with the Emerald Prepaid MasterCard

No annual fee

No monthly activity fee

No overdraft fees

No fee to make a purchase

No fee to request a card with your name on it

No fee to call customer service

No fee for text messages updates120

View Fee Schedule

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the H R Block Emerald Prepaid MasterCard.

The Emerald Card is a reloadable prepaid debit card for receiving and using your tax refund, or loading money to your card year-round. The card can be used anywhere debit MasterCard cards are accepted. You can also add money to your card at any time through direct deposit payroll, unemployment or government benefits, load checks through our mobile banking app114, transfer money from a linked account or add cash at participating retail reloading locations.124

Where can I use my H R Block Emerald Card.

You can use your card to buy things like groceries, gas, clothes, gifts, books, movies – anywhere Debit MasterCard cards are accepted. Use it for phone and internet purchases or to pay your bills114 online. Get cash at any ATM that displays the MasterCard Brand mark. Avoid ATM owner surcharge fees by getting cash at over 24,000 MoneyPass ATMs displaying the MoneyPass logo.117 The ATM withdrawal fee noted in your Cardholder Agreement still applies.

How does my card differ from a credit card.

The H R Block Emerald Card is not a credit card, it is a prepaid debit card. Only funds that you have loaded or that have been loaded by someone else at your direction onto your prepaid card are available to spend. There is no credit component to a prepaid card and no credit check, bank account or bank history check is required. You can use your card anywhere debit MasterCard cards are accepted.

How can I get an H R Block Emerald Card.

You may apply online at hrblock.com/emeraldcard or at your nearest participating H R Block tax office.

How can I add money to my H R Block Emerald Card.

Adding money to your card is fast through direct deposit and there is no fee.113 Just ask your employer if they participate and give them a complete copy of the Direct Deposit Authorization Form. For a personalized authorization form, login to Emerald Online at hrblock.com/emeraldcard. You can also load money from paychecks, government benefits checks and personal checks to your card anywhere and at anytime with the H R Block Mobile Banking App. 124 And, you can load cash to your card at any time at your local Walmart, 7-Eleven or Dollar General and many more locations. Sign In or use your H R Block Emerald Mobile Banking App to find a participating reload location near you.118

I want to get cash with my H R Block Emerald Card. How can I do that.

Many merchants, including grocery, drug and discount stores, will allow you to get cash back with a purchase at the point of sale135 for no charge. You can also get cash 24 hours a day at more than 420 thousand ATMs displaying the MasterCard brand mark. Select withdraw from checking to access. Please note, a fee may be charged by the ATM owner as well. Avoid ATM owner surcharge fees117 by using your Emerald Card at any ATM with the MoneyPass logo. You now have access to over 24,000 ATMs nationwide which are located in many convenient national retail locations. The ATM withdrawal fee noted in your Cardholder Agreement still applies.

Can I use my H R Block Emerald Card to pay for gas at the pump.

Not at this time, however, you can go inside and give your card to the cashier, tell them how much gas you plan to purchase and have them swipe your card to authorize the purchase.

Whom or What number can I call if I have questions after I receive my H R Block Emerald Card.

Please call the Emerald Card Call Center at 1-866-353-1266.

Do you offer card support in Spanish. Usted ofrece la ayuda en español.

Yes. Call 1-866-353-1266. Si. Llame 1-866-353-1266.

How can I get an answer to an H R Block Emerald Card question not addressed here.

Please call 1-866-353-1266 for answers to all your questions regarding the Emerald Card or see your copy of the H R Block Emerald Prepaid MasterCard Cardholder Agreement.

Joint Card

How can someone apply for a Joint Card.

You can apply for a Joint Card through Emerald Online. Click on Manage My Card Account and then select the Manage My Card tab. At the bottom of the screen, select Get Started. After the existing cardholder authorizes adding a joint owner to their card account, the person they are adding follows the prompts and enters their personal information into the system. If approved, a personalized card will be sent to the new joint owner within 7-10 business days.

Who can apply for a Joint Card.

To apply, the joint cardholder must be the legal age of majority for his or her state of residence 18 in most states, 19 in NE and AL and 21 in Puerto Rico and must meet other requirements.

How many people can be added as Joint Cardholders.

One person may be added as a Joint Cardholder to an existing Card Account.

Can two current Emerald Card cardholders be merged into one single Joint Card account.

No. In this case, one of the Emerald Card cardholders would need to add the other as a Joint Cardholder to his or her existing Card Account using the Manage My Card Account link in Emerald Online.

Can one person be a Joint Cardholder for more than one card account.

No. An individual can only be a Joint Cardholder for one card account. However, one person can have their own individual Emerald Card and be a Joint Cardholder for a second card account.

Who can be added as a Joint Cardholder.

Anyone can apply to be added as a Joint Cardholder, as long as they are the legal age of majority for their state of residence 18 in most states, 19 in NE and AL and 21 in Puerto Rico and meet other requirements. You do not have to be married or related to be added as a Joint Cardholder. Each Joint Cardholder will have his or her own unique profile address, phone, alerts settings and passwords.

Can both Joint Cardholders make a draw on an Emerald Advance.

No. Only the Emerald Advance borrower can draw funds and load them to the Joint Card account. Once the money has been loaded onto the card account, both Joint Cardholders will have access to the funds.

Do both Joint Cardholders own the funds in the Card Account.

Yes. Any funds loaded to the Card Account are owned by and can be used by either cardholder.

Will both Joint Cardholders share the same Emerald Online and Mobile App login.

No. The new joint cardholder will need to create his or her own individual username and password once they receive the card.

Will both Joint Cardholders have the same card number.

No. Each will have unique card numbers.

Will Joint Cardholders share the same PIN.

No. Each can create their own unique PIN associated with their card.

Will Joint Cardholders be able to view transactions for both cards.

Yes. Joint Cardholders can view transaction history for both cards in Emerald Online or in the Mobile App. A history of transactions will be listed by the last 4 digits of the card number.

Can a Joint Cardholder transfer funds from an Emerald Savings account owned by the other Cardholder.

No. Only the Emerald Savings account owner can transfer funds into the Joint Card account. Once the money has been transferred to the card account, both Joint Cardholders will have access to the funds.

Can both Joint Cardholders transfer funds from a Linked Account.

Each Joint Cardholder must setup their own individual Linked Account. They will only be able to transfer funds from their own Linked Account in their own Emerald Card online profile. Once the money has been loaded onto the Emerald Card account, both Joint Cardholders will have access to the funds.

Can each Joint Cardholder receive text and email alerts on the other person s transactions.

No. The cardholder will only receive text and email alerts on the transactions from their card.

If either cardholder has an Emerald Advance, are the funds in the Joint Card Account subject to Emerald Advance Pay down.

Yes.

Can one person be removed from a Joint Card Account.

No, if one person needs to be removed, the entire card account will be closed and a check, made payable to both joint owners, for the remaining funds will be sent to the cardholder that requested the closing of the card account.

Do both Joint Cardholders get Emerald Cash Rewards Offers.

Yes. The Rewards Offers will be unique to the individual cardholder. However, once Rewards offers are loaded to the card account, both cardholders will have access to the funds.

Will the Emerald Card Personal Profiles be shared or unique for the Joint Cardholder.

Each cardholder will have a unique Personal Profile.

SECURITY

How secure is the H R Block Emerald Card.

Using your Emerald Card is safer than carrying cash, and the funds associated with your card are FDIC insured. You can also shop with confidence knowing the U.S. MasterCard Zero Liability policy121 protects you against unauthorized purchases.

Are the funds on my H R Block Emerald Card FDIC insured.

Yes, your Emerald Card balance is FDIC insured up to 250,000 per cardholder.

What if I lose my H R Block Emerald Card.

Call 1-866-353-1266 to report a lost or stolen card.

How do I change my PIN for my H R Block Emerald Card.

If you have forgotten your PIN or wish to change it, call 1-866-353-1266 or go online to Emerald Online.

I forgot my PIN. How can I get it.

For security reasons, we do not have access to your PIN. Call 1-866-353-1266 or login to Emerald Online to have your PIN reset.

ADDITIONAL CARDS

Can I have more than one H R Block Emerald Card.

For your security and protection, we will only issue and activate one Emerald Card at a time. Therefore, if you have an instant issue card where the name is not printed on the card, and you request a personalized card, the instant issue card will automatically deactivate and will no longer be useable once your personalized card is activated. You cannot have both an instant issue and a personalized card in active status at the same time.

TRANSACTIONS

How do I check the amount available on my H R Block Emerald Card.

You can access your Emerald Card information, including purchases and balance information 24 hours a day.

Mobile Updates - A simple way to track your balance and transactions is through text message alerts.120 Enroll onlineor call 1-866-353-1266.

Request your balance anytime, anywhere by texting BAL to 42265.

Receive alerts when funds are loaded or removed from your card.

Receive alerts when H R Block has new products or services that may interest you as a cardholder.

H R Block Mobile Banking App - Track your account, find the nearest money-saving ATMs,117 pay bills,114 load funds from checks124 anytime, view cash rewards offers and enroll in Mobile Updates.120

Call 1-866-353-1266

Check online at Emerald Online.

How do I view my transaction history and statement for my H R Block Emerald Card.

View your statement and recent transactions at: Emerald Online. or by calling 1-866-353-1266. You can request a paper copy of your statement to be sent to you at no charge.

When I view my transaction history, what does pending mean next to some of my purchases

A notice of pending next to a merchant s name on the transaction history means that we have received notice from the merchant that you spent that amount at that store or Web site, but the merchant hasn t yet transmitted the final amount for payment. This notice is called an authorization and it s done to make sure that your card is valid and to tell us to put the amount of your purchase on hold until the merchant transmits the final transaction amount for payment. When we receive that final notification usually within three days of the purchase the transaction is considered settled or posted and the total amount of that transaction is deducted from your balance. Basically, during the authorization phase, the funds will be on hold and not available until released by the merchant.

Why is there an unfamiliar merchant name listed on my statement. I don t remember shopping there.

There are several reasons why this might happen. Some stores are part of a larger corporation that may have a different name than the store name. Other merchants choose to do their card processing under a different company name. However, if you see a transaction that doesn t match up with any recent purchases, call us at 1-866-353-1266 to file a dispute.

What if I disagree with a transaction that has posted to my account.

Please contact us as soon as possible at 1-866-353-1266 to minimize your losses. If you contact us within 2 business days you can lose no more than 50.00 if someone used your card without your permission. If you contact us about a dispute and request an affidavit, one will be provided to you. Or, you can submit your dispute in writing to Cardholder Customer Service, PO Box 10170, Kansas City, MO 64171.

What are the fees associated with my H R Block Emerald Card.

Click here to see the fee schedule

What are the daily limits for the H R Block Emerald Prepaid MasterCard.

Check your Cardholder Agreement for a complete list of limits. H R Block Emerald Prepaid MasterCard Cardholder Agreement. In general, the maximum cumulative amount per day that may be withdrawn from an ATM is 3,000.00. The maximum that can be spent on your card per day is 3,500.00.

What if I don t have enough money on my card. Can I make a purchase.

Yes, you may be able to use another form of payment and your card. Tell the clerk at the store you want to pay part of the total purchase amount with the card and then pay the remaining amount by cash or other method that the merchant accepts.

Can my H R Block Emerald Card ever carry a negative balance.

No. You are not allowed to exceed the available amount on your card. However, if your card balance should ever become negative, you will be responsible for repaying the amount of the negative balance and any applicable fees or charges.

What happens if there is still money on my card when it expires.

If a balance remains on your Card after expiration, we have the right, in our discretion, to either mail a check or issue a new Card, in each case, totaling the remaining balance, minus any applicable fees, to the address we have on record for you. For additional details, refer to your H R Block Emerald Prepaid MasterCard Cardholder Agreement.

The Emerald Card issued at the tax office is ready to use once your tax return is submitted or if you just came in for a card they are free., upon completion of the.

Emerald Prepaid MasterCard®

You can also activate your BDO Rewards Card via SMS or calling their hotline, BUT only those done online can qualify you for the Bonus Points.

How to Check Your H R Block Emerald Card Balance Online. Users of H R Block s Emerald Prepaid MasterCard have several options for checking their card balances.

Can you activate an emerald card online. If you are referring to the temp card you receive in the office there is no need to activate it.

How to Activate an Emerald Card. An Emerald Prepaid MasterCard is the debit card issued by H R Block. H R Block deposits the anticipated tax refund amount due to.

2016-01-21

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Super Robot Wars J Patch

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Cub Scout C Patch

If you re not quite sure where your son s newest patch or pin should go, this page will explain it.

Some of the information here is from the BSA Cub Scout uniform inspection sheet. See diagrams below this chart for a visual placement guide.Patch or Pin Location and Info

Council Shoulder Patch

LEFT SLEEVE: Left shoulder along seam. It identifies which Council the Scout belongs to.

Unit Numerals

LEFT SLEEVE: Just below the bottom edge of the Council Patch. They identify the local unit Pack or Troop that the Scout belongs to.

Trained PatchLEFT SLEEVE: Sewn below position patch. Shows completion of basic training for adult leaders, patrol leader, Den Chiefs, etc. On the newer style shirt that has a pocket on the left sleeve, the patch is sewn on the pocket flap.

Den Number

RIGHT SLEEVE: Below US Flag. This identifies the Den the Scout belongs to.

Patrol PatchRIGHT SLEEVE: Replaces Den Number patch. This identifies the Patrol the Scout belongs to Webelos only; optional.

Quality Unit PatchRIGHT SLEEVE: 4 below flag patch. Shows membership in a unit that is fulfilling goals and running efficiently. Only the current year s award may be worn, so this patch is typically replaced each year.

Webelos ColorsRIGHT SLEEVE: Just below the Den Number alternately above the patrol patch. Displays the Activity Badges that the Scout has earned. There is no particular preference or order to the pin placement.

Examples of Activity Badge pins:

Webelos CompassRIGHT POCKET: Hung on button. Shows progress in earning Activity Badges. Metal pin compass points are added for every 4 Activity Badges earned. These are placed into the three triangles next to W, E, and S in whichever order the wearer wishes.

Progress Toward Ranks and Tiger TotemRIGHT POCKET: Hung on button. Shows progress toward Wolf and Bear badges OR Tiger badge.

Recruiter PatchRIGHT POCKET: Sewn beneath. Awarded if the Scout successfully brings a new member into the Pack. Outdoor Activity Patch and Paw Shield PinRIGHT POCKET: Sewn onto flap. Paw Shield pins may be added of the award is earned again. National Summertime Award PinRIGHT POCKET: Pinned to the pocket flap. Multiple awards may be worn if earned. Pinned through the Outdoor Activity award that is also earned.

Image shows the pin ring color earned at each rank. RIGHT POCKET temporary patch: May be worn centered on the right pocket. Although it appears pocket flap shaped, it is not worn on the flap, but on the pocket itself.

Recommended: Place on red vest.

World Crest PatchLEFT POCKET: Centered above pocket, leaving room for service star pins and/or knots. Indicates that the Scout is part of the World Scouting Movement. This is the only patch that is universally worn by Scouts in all nations

Service Star PinLEFT POCKET: Pinned above, centered above any knots worn. Shows number of years in Scouting. Background color indicates which branch of BSA service.

Note: This is confusing for some. Only ONE pin of a given color should be worn. A Cub Scout would only have a single Service Star pin at any given time showing how many years he has been in Scouts. When he goes to Boy Scouts, he may keep his Service Star with a yellow background and add his Boy Scout Service Star pin next to it green background. Adults may wear the Adult Leader pin as well as pins for years they were in Cub Scouting and/or Boy Scouting as a youth.

More information can be found here.

Perfect Attendance Pin

LEFT POCKET: Pinned above pocket, next to Service Star Pin. Shows commitment to Scouting through attendance. Pack 420 considers perfect attendance to be no more than one missed in total among den meetings, pack meetings, and the Blue Gold banquet. Bars are added for each year this award is earned. LEFT POCKET: Sewn centered directly above flap. Displays completion of the religious requirements for Cub Scouts. Rank PatchesLEFT POCKET: Centered, in a diamond shape with Bobcat on top, Wolf on wearer s right, Bear on left, Tiger on bottom. This is appropriate for the blue uniform shirt.

Note: Upon earning the Webelos badge and changing to a tan uniform shirt, the rank patches are replaced with the oval Webelos rank patch:

Arrow Point PatchesLEFT POCKET, blue shirt: Sewn below either Wolf or Bear rank patch depending on which rank they were earned for and below the pocket. Gold is centered beneath the rank patch, silver s are sewn in rows of two below gold.

An arrow point is awarded for each 10 elective achievements completed after the Wolf and Bear ranks are earned, gold for the first 10 and silver for each 10 after that. Some Scouts earn many silver arrow points.

Arrow of LightLEFT POCKET, tan shirt: Sewn centered below pocket. This award is the only patch worn by both Cub Scouts and Boy Scouts, and patch placement is the same for both.

Follow Boy Scout Uniform Inspection Sheet guidelines. World Conservation Patch

Sports Academics Pin example

SegmentsTemporary and/or Optional Items as described below are typically worn on the red vest unless noted otherwise.

World Conservation Patch: Shows consideration of the environment. Optionally worn centered on right pocket as a temporary patch.

Sports and Academics Pins: NOT worn on the uniform. They are pinned to the C patch on the red vest:

Segments: NOT worn on the uniform. These small patches are given to commemorate den and pack activities and reward the Scout for attending. They are intended to encircle the round Inland Northwest Council patch on the back of the red vest.

All other pins and patches awarded for events such as camp, popcorn sale, etc. are considered temporary and most suited to display on the red vest. If in doubt, check with the Cubmaster.

How to Attach Cub Scout Patches. If you ve tried to attach a Cub Scout patch, you may feel it s a less time-consuming task to scale Mt. Everest. Attaching Cub Scout.

Cub sCout insignia 17 C ub s C out i nsignia Cub Scout Advancement Note: Cub Scout advancement badges must be attached directly to the uniform. Bobcat badge.

How to Put Patches on a Cub Scout Shirt. The Boy Scouts believe that wearing a uniform helps boys show they belong to a great group and gives them a opportunity to.

These pages list the parts of the uniforms for cub scout and boy scout groups. We ve also listed approximate costs. Placement of badges, pins, and patches are.

CUB SCOUT SONGS AND CHEERS If I Were Not A Cub Scout Each Scout takes a role. This song accumulates, with each new occupation being followed by each previous.

Friday, July 31, 2015 Camper Camper Arrow of Light Adventure: Camper Do all of these: 1. With the help of your den.

Patches and Pins Placement - Cub Scout Pack 420 - Spokane Valley

2016-01-21

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Ok, so I m finally posting the Egg Fast Diet menu plan. For those of you who are just catching up, I did a 5 day egg fast diet to break through a stall and get back on track with my weight loss on a keto/lchf diet. My final results were that I lost 7.4 lbs during the five days and felt great., then gained back. 5 over the 2 days I was off the diet typical.

I plan to do another three days starting Monday to see if I ll lose again or if it was a one time thing. I ll continue to post my results daily on the IBIH Facebook page and Instagram.

If you re interested in trying the Egg Fast Diet and want more details about what it is, how it works, etc., you can check out my post about it here. Basically on an egg fast you are consuming eggs, butter or other pure and healthy fat like olive oil or coconut oil, and cheese, with a few exceptions for low carb condiments like hot sauce, mustard, etc. The egg fast ratio is to eat 1 Tbsp fat for each egg consumed and up to 1 oz cheese for each egg consumed. Scroll down to go directly to the plan.

Before I go any further I should make it clear that I am not a doctor, nurse, or even a nutritionist. This is just me telling you what I ve done, what the results were, and what my opinions are regarding the egg fast diet and why it works for many people. It may or not be for you – and only you can make that decision. If you have previously existing health conditions, it s probably wise to consult with your doctor before undertaking an extremely low carb plan like this one. If you start and are really feeling poorly – don t ignore any danger signs or red flags – stop immediately. It s not worth risking your life over – if your body doesn t respond well to this, I m sure there are other things that will work for you – keep experimenting until you find your thing.

So I did some additional research this week to try and figure out why this diet works, and found an interesting article on the importance of Choline in liver function over on The Daily Lipid. It seems that egg yolks are extremely high in Choline, which as it turns out is critical to our liver being able to metabolize fat. In fact, when Choline is deficient as it is in much of the modern US population, it can lead to Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease – this means your poor, fat, lazy liver can t even handle it s own business – let alone helping rid the rest of your body of excess fat.

Also important to helping your liver metabolize fat are Casein present in cheese and other dairy products and an amino acid called Methionine. Guess what food has the highest amount of methionine in it. Egg whites. So between the massive amounts of Choline in the yolks, and the bounty of Methionine in the whites, eggs are pretty much the perfect liver food – add some Casein in the form of cheese, and you re in business. And by the way, this trifecta of liver superstars are pretty much cancelled out in the presence of excess glucose from food or alcohol – which an egg fast also eliminates. Genius.

So there it is. My theory on one reason the Egg Fast Diet works so well is that it gives your liver everything it needs and cuts out everything it doesn t to get it s butt in gear and start cleaning house. So whether you plan to undertake an egg fast or not, if you re having trouble losing weight – especially on a ketogenic low carb diet, then you should seriously consider adding a few eggs per day to your eating plan.

Lastly, based on my anecdotal research, it seems that the people who continue to eat 2 meals of eggs the first couple of days off the plan have the best success at not gaining any weight back. For that reason, I recommend eggs for breakfast and lunch on the 2 days off plan while you re transitioning back to a regular keto diet.

Ok, so this plan is not the only way to go about the egg fast diet – it s just one suggestion as to how you might structure your week. There are 5 days on the plan and two days of transition to come off the plan – hopefully without gaining all the weight back. Here are a few notes on why I put this egg fast menu plan together the way I did:

I know that if you ve been following IBIH and have seen the yummy egg fast recipes I ve been posting lately, that you re thinking bring on the snickerdoodle crepes and fettuccini alfredo on Day One. NO.

The first and second day of the plan are when you will be most likely able to tolerate eggs in their basic form. By day 3 you will be getting sick of them, by day 4 you will probably eat less simply because the idea of eating another egg makes you want to hurl, by day 5 you will wish no chicken on the planet would ever lay another egg EVER, and I can pretty much guarantee that you will be seriously miffed at eggs in general, yourself for ever thinking an egg fast was a good idea, probably me for suggesting it, and every poor, pathetic soul who crosses your path. Or maybe that was just me.

Seriously though, you need to trust that by Day 3 you ll be looking forward to eating at least one meal a day that doesn t feel like eggs. We re saving the best til last – you re going to need it to get through this if you re doing all five days.

Now if you re only doing 3 days, feel free to skip day 1 and 2 and start on Day 3 of the plan. Or mix and match days to your own preference – just don t say I didn t warn you, and be sure not to overeat the cheese or skimp on the butter/mayo/other fats. Remember 1 egg – 1 Tbsp fat – UP TO but I recommend less 1 oz cheese per egg. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Where can I go for support and help while on the egg fast diet.

In addition to posting questions and your progress here in the comments, you can also join the IBIH Community Forum and head over to the Egg Fast Forum to meet others who are doing the egg fast and coordinate weekly challenges, etc. I like the menu for Day 4, can I just eat that all five days.

Sure, go nuts. Can I have heavy whipping cream HWC on the egg fast diet.

No. This plan doesn t use heavy whipping cream. If you want to risk it and can t stand to drink your coffee any other way, then go ahead and try it – if you re not losing weight, the first thing to go should be the HWC and see if that makes a difference. If you do it with HWC and lose a bunch of weight, please let us know in the comments so others will know it s possible. Can I drink alcohol on this egg fast plan.

No. Alcohol impedes liver function and you need your liver focused on metabolizing your fat – otherwise what s the point of putting yourself through this. Why Bulletproof Coffee BPC and what is it.

Bulletproof coffee is coffee made with MCT oil or coconut oil, and grassfed unsalted butter. It has thermogenic fat burning properties, and gives you ridiculous amounts of energy. Plus it tastes amazing.

To make it: Combine 6-8 ounces of coffee with 1 Tbsp unsalted butter I use Kerrygold, and 1 Tbsp of MCT oil coconut oil works if you can t get MCT oil. You can also add sugar free sweetener – I make Mr. Hungry s with Splenda he prefers it and cinnamon – it s yummy.

The key to good BPC is that you emulsify it. I use this battery-powered, hand-held frother thingy and it works great. Others make it in a magic bullet or blender and blend for 20 seconds or so. You can t just stir it in with a spoon or you ll have a gross oil slick on top. Ewww.

Try bulletproof – you ll never want to go back to heavy cream again – or at least we didn t. Do I need to be in ketosis already to do the egg fast diet.

No, but it will be easier if you are – the detox symptoms of getting into ketosis can be rough already on first timers – doing something as extremely low carb as the egg fast right off the bat will be much harder. I recommend easing into it with my 3 Day Keto Kickstart Plan if you re a complete newbie to any low carb plan. If you re really desperate to get started on the egg fast though – go ahead and give it a shot, you ve been warned. What should I drink while on the egg fast diet.

Water – and lots of it. Aim for at least 100 ounces per day. Can I drink diet soda or other calorie free drinks on the egg fast diet.

Diet soda is inherently unhealthy for you. However, I did have a few Diet Cokes while on the plan. It helped clear my palate and made me not want to kill myself when we were at people s homes and everyone else was eating and drinking things I wished I was having. Limit it to special occasions though if possible. If it makes the difference between staying on the plan or giving up – a diet soda won t kill you. I also had some sweetener free sparkling water while on the plan, which helped break the monotony. Make sure you re getting most of your liquid from regular water though and avoid the diet sodas if you can. Should I take vitamins or supplements on the egg fast diet plan.

If you re already taking vitamins or supplements, continue as long as they are mostly sugar free. Don t stop taking any medications. If you aren t already supplementing with magnesium and potassium lite salt added to your food works best, then you should start. Be sure to get plenty of sodium as well. These three things will help you avoid getting cramps, headaches, and help regulate your fluids to avoid lightheadedness, heart palpitations, etc. as you release any retained water which you should be drinking A LOT of during the fast. But what about fiber. How will I stay regular.

Magnesium is a mild laxative and will help with this if you re supplementing as you should be. In addition, because you are eating so much fat, it should keep things running smoothly. Bulletproof coffee is your friend. Is any cheese ok on this egg fast diet plan.

Any full fat, less than 1g net carb per ounce type of cheese should be ok. cream cheese, mascarpone, cheddar, mozzarella, brie, monterrey jack, etc. I m dairy free, can I still do the egg fast diet plan.

Yes – but most of my egg fast recipes will not work for you. You ll have to stick to eggs and another pure fat like olive oil or coconut oil. It will be monotonous but you can still get results. Cheese substitutes made with nuts or soy are not recommended – but you can always try it and see what happens. I don t like or am allergic to eggs, do you have any suggestions on how I can modify this plan to be egg free.

No. Can I have toast with my eggs if I put butter on it. True story

No. Why didn t you post the nutrition info and calories on this plan.

Each person will eat a different amount, making it hard to calculate for this plan. Also, egg fasting is hard enough without trying to calculate everything that goes into your mouth. Focus on eating until you re full and no more. That may even mean eating more than this plan calls for – especially in the first couple of days. You ll find that you ll eat a lot less as the week continues – you won t need to worry about the calories. Also I lost the most on the days that I ate the most calories – when you start to restrict calories in order to maximize the results, I think it can actually have the opposite effect. All the nutrition info is available for the recipes in those posts, if you really must know you can easily figure it out on your own based on the quantities you are actually eating. Can I develop an intolerance to eggs from eating too many of them.

Allergies can come on at any time and any age – but they are not caused by overeating a certain food. You may notice an intolerance that wasn t obvious previously if you start eating more of something you already have an issue with. If eggs make you feel funny, stop eating them for sure and see an allergist to get tested. I m scared to do this plan because it will make me hate eggs forever

I can t say for sure that it won t happen, but it s unlikely. I couldn t stand the thought of another egg by Day five. Had two fried eggs with butter this morning – still delicious. The plan is designed to keep you from getting sick of eggs by varying the form that you eat them in and mixing up sweet and savory. I think you ll be ok. If you already love eggs, then you might be looking forward to some variety by the end of the fast, but you ll be back to enjoying them again soon after. That being said, if you hate eggs forever after doing this plan, I take no responsibility – you knew the risks. Can I eat fruits and vegetables on the egg fast diet.

This is a late addition to the FAQ s based on the comments. The answer is NO. That being said, if you want to experiment with a handful of spinach here, a few romaine leaves there, some chopped onions and peppers thrown into your eggs, etc. then that is completely up to you, and you might still have great results. I m not the boss of you and neither is the egg fast. Here s the problem – looking for loopholes and making eggceptions sorry, couldn t help myself and I should get credit for holding out this long with no egg puns by the way – it wasn t easy, ya know. with a little of this and a little of that is a slippery slope. If you want to do the egg fast the way it was intended by the originators – you don t eat any fruits or vegetables. The end.

Got a question that s not in the FAQ s. Please feel free to post it in the comments.

BEWARE: Questions posted in the comments that are clearly already answered here in the post make you look like a doofus, and make me really annoyed. DON T BE THAT GUY – READ THE FAQ S BEFORE COMMENTING. Failure to do so will result in merciless mocking and possible atomic wedgies.

Great – you ready do do this. Can t wait to hear your results – be sure to keep us all posted on how you re doing through the week.

Click here to download a printer friendly version of the plan. Egg Fast Menu Plan Day One Breakfast

Coffee or Tea – Black or Bulletproof 1 Tbsp MCT oil or coconut oil 1 Tbsp unsalted butter sugar free sweetener if desired

2 – 3 eggs fried or scrambled with 2 Tbsp butter Snack

1 String Cheese Lunch

1/2 cup Simple Egg Salad

1 deli slice cheddar cheese, quartered and microwaved until crisp approx 30 seconds Snack

1 string cheese Dinner

1 serving Buffalo Omelette Day 2 Breakfast

2 or more Snickerdoodle Crepes Day 3 Breakfast

1 Cream Cheese Pancake, 1 Tbsp sugar free mayonnaise, 1 deli slice cheddar cheese Snack

2 Easy Deviled Eggs 4 halves Dinner

1 serving Buffalo Omelette Day 4 Breakfast

2 Snickerdoodle Crepes Snack

1 – 2 servings of Salted Caramel Custard Day 5 Breakfast

Coffee or Tea – Black or Bulletproof 1 Tbsp MCT or coconut oil 1 Tbsp unsalted butter, sugar free sweetener if desired

2 Easy Deviled Eggs 4 halves Lunch

1 serving Salted Caramel Custard Snack

1 serving Fettuccini Alfredo Day 6 Breakfast

1/2 avocado w/ lite salt and pepper Lunch

1/2 avocado w/ lite salt and pepper Dinner

6 – 8 classic buffalo wings, celery sticks, 2 Tbsp blue cheese dressing Day 7 Breakfast

1 serving Fettuccini Alfredo Snack

1 serving No Chop Chili

2 Tbsp sour cream

1 Tbsp chopped cilantro optional

1/4 cup shredded cheddar cheese Pantry and Shopping List Check your Pantry for

ground cumin chili

ground coriander chili

garlic powder chili

onion powder chili

dried oregano chili

ground cinnamon crepes

sugar free sweetener of choice splenda, stevia, swerve, etc.

mayonnaise sugar free

hot sauce I like Frank s Red Hot

green tobasco sauce for the deviled eggs

blue cheese dressing 1g net carbs per serving or less

parmesan cheese Shopping list

Go organic when and if you can Produce

2 avocados you won t need these until day 6 and 7

1 bunch of celery you won t need this until day 6

1 bunch cilantro optional for chili on day 7 Dairy

4 oz sour cream for day 7

8 oz cream cheese

3 dozen eggs or more

8 oz package of string cheese

8 oz deli sliced sharp cheddar cheese

1 lb butter

1 lb unsalted butter if making bulletproof coffee

4 oz mascarpone cheese for the fettuccini on day 5 Grocery

lite salt half potassium half sodium

caramel extract for the custard

MCT oil or coconut oil if making bulletproof coffee Meat

1 small package of raw chicken wings for dinner on day 6

1lb ground beef for the chili on day 7 Frozen

none Prep List

Notes: Most of these recipes are easy and quick to prepare, and taste best when made fresh just before eating. The few exceptions are listed below for you to make ahead. The Fettuccini Alfredo and Buffalo Omelette are best made right before serving. Make 1 batch of Simple Egg Salad Make 1 batch of Easy Deviled Eggs Make 2 batches of Salted Caramel Custard on the evening of Day 3 so that they are chilled and ready to go by Day 4 and Day 5 when you ll be eating them. Make 1 batch of Cream Cheese Pancakes to have on hand for Day 3 lunch that uses one, and the others as a backup for when you need something quick and don t have time to cook.

If you re new to IBIH and like what you see, please subscribe to our newsletter, and/or like us on Facebook and you ll be notified whenever I post something new.

In other news, for a limited time I m bundling my Amazon best-selling e-book The Gluten Free Low Carber with all four issues of the IBIH Ezine for just 19.99 That s a discount of over 30. GET ALL FIVE BOOKS over 150 recipes FOR JUST 19.99.

Only 19.99.

Trying to lose weight frustrated by a plateau or stall. Try my easy 5 day Egg Fast Diet Menu Plan and get the scale moving in the right direction again.

2016-01-21

Oem Activator Windows Vista

Protecting Customers from the Risks of Counterfeit Software

Microsoft Corporation

June 2009

On This Page

Introduction

The Risks of Counterfeit Software

Microsoft Genuine Software Initiative

Benefits of Genuine Microsoft Software

Activation Improvements in Windows 7

What Microsoft Is Doing to Help Customers Get Genuine

Conclusion

Additional Resources

Software piracy is one of the most significant problems facing the software industry globally. It not only has an impact on the global economy but it affects legitimate businesses that have to compete with those selling counterfeit software. With Windows 7, Microsoft has enhanced its Software Protection Platform by expanding on its Windows Activation Technologies. These enhanced technologies bring anti-piracy innovations, counterfeit detection practices, and tamper resistance into a complete platform that provides improved software protection. The need for these technologies continues to grow as the risks of counterfeit software become increasingly damaging to individuals, organizations, and the software industry at large.

This document outlines the activation and validation experience in Windows 7 and provides more information for customers interested in learning about activation

, validation, and genuine Windows.

The risks and costs of obtaining and using pirated, or counterfeit, software are real, to individual customers and to organizations. Too frequently

, counterfeit software is bundled with malicious and unwanted software that can lead to corrupted systems, lost data, and even identity theft. For example

, an

IDC report that was sponsored by Microsoft in 2006 found that 25 of websites offering counterfeit software also attempted to install spyware,

Trojans, and other malware that can compromise computer systems and environments.1

In organizations, counterfeit software can increase IT costs substantially. A Yankee Group study sponsored by Microsoft revealed that when problems arise with counterfeit software, IT administrators typically require 20 to 30 more time and labor to identify and resolve the problems at a monetary premium to the business. 2 And a 2008 Harrison Group study

sponsored by Microsoft concluded that companies less committed to using genuine software are significantly more likely to have system failures that lead to lost critical data and employee downtime. 3

These security issues are compounded by the fact that only customers with genuine Microsoft software have access to updates and support from Microsoft and its partners.

Additionally, lost and compromised product keys, as well as non-compliant licensing, can result in increased costs from system reactivation, employee work interruptions, damaged reputations, or even costly financial penalties.

In an effort to ensure that customers avoid the risks of using counterfeit and noncompliant software and experience all of the benefits of using genuine software

, Microsoft launched the Microsoft Genuine Software Initiative GSI. The GSI divides its increasing investments across three strategic areas: education

, engineering, and enforcement.

Figure 1: Three Pillars of Microsoft GSI

Education

Microsoft is constantly working to raise the awareness of individual customers, organizations, resellers, and other partners regarding the importance of intellectual property rights for the ecosystem as well as the software industry, the value of using genuine software, and risks of using counterfeit software. This way

, they can better protect themselves and help ensure that their software licensing is in order. For example, the Microsoft How to Tell website provides detailed information about, and actual examples of,

counterfeit software to help customers identify it.

In addition to providing its own educational resources, Microsoft actively supports industry software and intellectual property associations worldwide, such as the

Business Software Alliance BSA, the Business Action to Stop Counterfeiting and Piracy BASCAP, and the Alliance for Gray Market and Counterfeit Abatement AGMA.

Engineering

Microsoft invests heavily in technologies and product features to make piracy more difficult and to help customers and partners determine whether software packaging and media are genuine. Such investments include improving packaging, making the Software Protection Platform an integral component of Windows

, and providing periodic updates to customers that help them identify and differentiate genuine software.

Packaging

Genuine Microsoft software comes in a large variety of packaging types, often depending on the way the customer acquires the software. For example,

they may purchase a computer with the software already loaded on it, purchase the software from a retail location, or for large organizations, purchase the software through one of the Microsoft Volume Licensing programs on volume media. In some cases, the packaging includes an attractive box with documentation and CDs or DVDs inside. In others, the packaging contains only a printed license with CDs or DVDs inside a sealed envelope.

Although there are many ways to identify genuine Microsoft software packaging, two of the best are a Certificate of Authenticity COA and a sophisticated holographic design on the CD or DVD media. A COA is a label that is on the retail product package or included in the materials that come with a computer purchase for preloaded software. A COA helps customers visually identify whether or not the software they purchased is genuine.

Figure 2: Retail Package COA

A COA is not itself a license but without it, a customer does not have a legal license to run that copy of the Microsoft software. A COA should never be purchased without the software that it authenticates. Genuine Microsoft software CDs or DVDs including volume media DVDs come on holographic discs with multiple defining characteristics that are intentionally hard to duplicate. For example, a genuine hologram image changes as the disc is tilted.

For in-depth information and examples with visuals about how to identify genuine Microsoft holographic discs and COAs, visit the

How to Tell website.

Software Protection Platform

With the launch of Windows Vista, Microsoft developed a set of technologies called the Software Protection Platform SPP. These technologies have been very successful in identifying counterfeit products in Windows Vista, and they are the foundation of Windows Activation Technologies in Windows 7, which includes both activation and validation. The SPP was developed to help fight piracy, protect customers from the risks of counterfeit software, and better enable Volume License customers to manage their software assets. The SPP brings antipiracy innovations, counterfeit detection practices, and tamper-resistance into a complete platform that provides better software protection to individuals, organizations, and the software industry.

Microsoft Product Activation

Windows activation technologies apply to Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2. In addition, the Volume Activation VA component of the Windows Activation Technologies has applicability to the upcoming release of Microsoft Office 2010. For further information about how activation and validation applies to Microsoft Office, refer to the

Genuine Microsoft Software website.

Activation is the process of establishing an association between a valid product key and a computer. Computers that are purchased from reputable retailers or manufacturers often have Windows preinstalled, and the software has been pre-activated by the original equipment manufacturer OEM. There is no additional user action required. Customers who obtain their Windows software through other means for example, from a retail software store, Microsoft volume licensing programs

, or MSDN can activate their software through the Microsoft activation service by using the Internet or phone. In addition, Microsoft provides large organizations with the ability to host and run the activation service within their company environment which is explained more thoroughly later in this paper.

All methods of activation that are used by Microsoft are designed to help protect user privacy. In cases where information is sent during activation,

it is used to confirm that the customer has a legally licensed copy of the software, and then the information is aggregated for statistical analysis. At that point

, no data can be traced to an individual customer. At no point in the process does Microsoft use this information to identify or contact customers. For more information about privacy policies, please see the Microsoft Privacy website.

For more details on Microsoft Product Activation, see Protect Yourself from Piracy.

Online Validation

Validation helps confirm that a copy of a Windows operating system is activated and properly licensed. Users may be asked to validate their copy of Windows when they go to the Microsoft Download Center to download content that is reserved for users of genuine Windows software. Validation can also occur as part of an update from Windows Update. In some instances, a computer that has previously passed validation may fail a later validation process. This may happen because Microsoft constantly discovers new forms of piracy, and they then update the antipiracy components of the validation process to help disable the emerging threats.

Enforcement

Microsoft actively supports government officials, organizations, and law enforcement agencies in taking action against software counterfeiters. Microsoft receives thousands of reports each year from customers who are victims of counterfeit software. These reports are generated primarily through the Windows Activation Technologies and the Microsoft Protect Yourself from Piracy websites, as well as by e-mail at piracy microsoft.com. For those customers who are able to provide sufficient information indicating that they have been victimized by piracy, Microsoft provides a free replacement product. Such customer-provided information helps Microsoft improve piracy protection in its products and enables Microsoft and law enforcement agencies to successfully litigate against the offending software pirates.

In direct contrast to the risks of using counterfeit software, the benefits of using genuine Microsoft software provide real value to both individual customers and organizations. Genuine Microsoft software is published by Microsoft, comes from a trusted source, and is supported by Microsoft or a trusted partner.

With genuine Microsoft software, customers are better protected, receive support when needed, and have exclusive access to updates and downloads that provide additional value and help them get the most from their software investment. With genuine software, customers receive the complete Microsoft software experience: the product works the way it should, and it includes full documentation to help customers get the most from their computers.

In addition, genuine Microsoft software is equipped with piracy prevention features that help customers visually identify that the media and packaging are genuine.

For organizations that exercise Volume Licensing or use Volume License media, genuine Microsoft software provides them with the assurance that the software is reliable and is more easily managed with Volume Activation tools that assist in deployment and help with license compliance.

Windows 7 Activation and Licensing

Customers can obtain licenses for Windows 7 through one of three channels: retail, original equipment manufacturer OEM, or Volume Licensing VL. One software license is always required for each computer that uses Windows, and the only ways to legally license a copy of Windows on a new computer are to buy the computer with a licensed and pre-activated copy of Windows or to buy a full, packaged Windows product. Volume Licensing is available only for upgrading Windows on computers with an existing Windows license.

Each channel has its own unique activation methods. Because organizations can obtain Windows 7 software through multiple channels, they can use a combination of activation methods. Some editions of Windows, such as Windows 7 Enterprise Edition, are available only through the VL channel.

Retail

Windows 7 products that are acquired online or in a store from reputable resellers and retailers or from Microsoft directly are individually licensed. Each purchased copy comes with one unique product key, found on the COA on the product packaging. Users can complete the activation by entering the product key during the setup and installation process or by using the Activate windows option from the Control Panel within 30 days of installation.

Original Equipment Manufacturers

Original Equipment Manufacturer OEM activation is a perpetual, one-time activation that associates Windows 7 with the firmware BIOS of a computer. This occurs before the computer ships to the customer, so the end user or organization is not required to take any additional actions. The copy of Windows 7 that the OEM installs on a computer is valid only on that particular computer, and it can be reinstalled and reactivated only from the OEM-provided recovery media.

Sometimes organizations want to create a customized Windows 7 image for their systems, rather than use the image that is provided by an OEM. This is possible

, but organizations should understand the available customization options, how to ensure effective deployments, and how to maintain compliance with Microsoft licensing policies. For more information see the Customizing Windows 7white paper.

OEM activation is applicable only to systems that are purchased through OEM channels with Windows installed.

Volume Activation

Volume Activation VA is a set of technologies and tools that are designed to automate the activation process for systems that are deployed using volume media. Volume media are normally obtained through the Microsoft Volume Licensing Service Center

VLSC. This is an online resource that is designed to help organizations that have a Microsoft Volume Licensing

agreement. They can download licensed products, manage Microsoft Volume Licensing agreements, and access product keys.

Volume Activation in Large Organizations

Microsoft policy requires the activation of all editions of Windows 7, including those obtained through a VL program. This requirement applies to Windows 7 running on physical computers or on virtual machines. Volume Activation VA includes the set of tools that automates the activation process on computers that are being upgraded to volume editions of Windows 7. VA automates the activation process through the volume media and Volume Activation keys. Organizations can use two methods to activate Windows 7 with Volume Activation keys: the Key Management Service KMS or Multiple Activation Keys MAK.

Key Management Service

Organizations can use Key Management Service KMS to host and manage the VA process locally. Through KMS, organizations set up a local KMS host or hosts that connect once to Microsoft to activate the KMS host s. Then the individual systems throughout the organization connect to the KMS host s and activate transparently.

With KMS, client computers connect to the local KMS host to activate the first time, then they reconnect periodically to keep the activation current. KMS is capable of activating an unlimited number of computers, so it can be used for a VL agreement of any size.

Multiple Activation Keys

Multiple Activation Keys MAK activation is primarily used for one-time activation with activation services that are hosted by Microsoft. It has a predetermined number of allowed activations, which is dependent on the number of licenses that are included in the organization s licensing agreement with Microsoft. Customers can use MAK to activate their target computers individually through the activation services online or by phone. Or they can activate the computers collectively by using the Volume Activation Management Tool a proxy application for managing activation, which is integrated into the Windows Automated Installation Kit Windows AIK. Additionally, MAK activation is simplified by using the Volume Activation Management Tool VAMT, which enables organizations to manage

MAK-activated systems hroughout their deployments.

Figure 3: Activation Notification Calendar

The Notification Experience

Most customers want to ensure they are being compliant with their license terms. They don t want to risk their reputation or incur financial penalties by using counterfeit software. To help customers, Windows 7 provides a grace period usually 30 days for customers to activate their copies of Windows. Additionally

, Windows 7 provides notifications before and after the grace period expires. Within the 30-day grace period, Windows 7 displays a logon activation notification and balloon notifications open above the system tray according to the schedule shown in Figure 3.

Per this notification schedule, on the fourth day after a customer logs on to Windows 7, a screen similar to that illustrated in Figure 4 appears immediately after the customer provides valid credentials.

Figure 4: Grace Period Log-on Notification

If the end user selects the Ask me later option, the message in Figure 5 appears providing information on the benefits of using genuine Microsoft software.

Figure 5: Benefits of using Genuine Microsoft Software

Additionally, the balloon notification illustrated in Figure 6 appears above the system tray during the grace period, increasing in frequency in harmony with the schedule shown in Figure 3. Clicking this balloon notification displays an easy-to-use activation dialog.

Figure 6: Grace Period Balloon Notification

If activation does not occur within the provided grace period or the system fails validation, a new set of notifications occur. For example, a persistent desktop notification is shown on top of a black desktop background as illustrated in Figure 7.

Figure 7: Post Grace Period Desktop Notification

While some of activation notifications may briefly interrupt the end user s workflow, none inhibit the actual functionality of Windows 7.

Enhanced User Experience

With improvements in the VA user experience, organizations can customize the interface more precisely, avoid potential problems more effectively,

and resolve activation issues faster.

Organizations can change a variety of interface elements to provide a targeted experience for their internal users. For example, if an activation-related issue arises that is specific to an organization s deployment, administrators can customize the URL under the Learn about activation online option in the Activate Windows now dialog illustrated in Figure 8.

Figure 8: Administrator-customizable URL Link

Doing so can guide end users to internal information to help them quickly resolve their problem and avoid Help desk costs.

Microsoft has also clarified and improved end-user and administrator error messages throughout the VA experience to include more troubleshooting information. As illustrated in the previous figures, Microsoft has provided more action-based information and options in notification dialogs that lead end users to faster issue resolution.

Improved Activation as Part of Deployment

Microsoft has improved the VA technologies to better integrate with an organization s current IT infrastructure.

Virtual System Counting

With the Windows Vista release of KMS, organizations received the capability to activate virtual systems as if they were physical computers. With Windows 7

, KMS also counts virtual systems as if they were physical. Therefore, in environments with few physical systems but many virtual ones

, KMS now tallies system types as it tracks the minimum thresholds required for KMS activation. This makes KMS a great option for organizations that rely heavily on the virtualization of their infrastructures.

Improved DNS

Since the inception of KMS, the KMS-to-client activation process has been automated and transparent to both end users and administrators. However,

customers with complex DNS installations have requested greater control over how KMS and clients interact across their DNS environments. Accordingly,

Microsoft has provided the following key improvements:

Administrators can use common Windows practices such as Group Policy and DHCP to ensure that client computers always find the appropriate KMS host. This is especially helpful in environments with multiple DNS zones. In such cases, KMS can be installed on a single server, even though the clients may reside throughout the various DNS zones.

Administrators can set KMS host priorities and balance traffic to multiple KMS hosts. This overrides the default behavior of KMS clients, which is to randomly choose KMS hosts across a distributed infrastructure.

Token-based Activation

Token-based activation is a specialized activation option that is available for approved Microsoft Volume Licensing customers. It is designed for specific scenarios in which the end systems are completely disconnected from the network or phone. This option enables customers to use the public key infrastructure PKI and digital certificates or tokens, which are typically stored on smart cards to locally activate Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2. Customers do not have to activate the software through KMS or MAK.

Improved Manageability

The following enhancements help administrators better manage their activation service deployment and their activation keys.

Expansion of WMI Properties

With Windows 7, Microsoft has enhanced the Software Licensing Service class WMI properties and methods to allow greater flexibility and control. For example,

administrators can access the number of rearms remaining and avoid a situation where they might be unaware that their rearms are low.

Modified Hardware Tolerance Values

With Windows 7, customers are less likely to trigger an out-of-tolerance condition that results in a need to reactivate the computer.

Consolidated Management Portal

Microsoft has consolidated all previous VL portals into the Volume Licensing Service Center VLSC. This single portal comes with improvements that are designed to help organizations identify all of their keys, track them, and organize them within a single, easy-to-access location.

Transparent MAK Limit Handling

With Windows 7, the VA service regularly monitors a customer s MAK usage. If usage nears the current MAK limit, the VA service incrementally increases the limit

, reducing manual administration time.

Improved Efficiency

In addition to the feature enhancements described above, the VA services and tools in Windows 7 perform better and require fewer system resources. This is the result of:

Performance improvements to the core service such as fewer disk I/Os, which make it run more efficiently and only when needed.

A reduced memory footprint.

Many people, and even organizations, unknowingly acquire counterfeit software. And for large organizations with Volume Licensing agreements

, unintended mislicensing can happen, as well as unintentional mistakes in managing Volume Activation keys, resulting in lost and stolen keys.

In all of these cases, Microsoft is working to provide the education, services, and tools to help customers return to genuine status. In addition to the various solutions provided earlier in this document, following are some specific actions that customers can take in response to counterfeit software concerns and compliance issues.

If You Suspect You Have Counterfeit Software

If you believe you have obtained or installed counterfeit software, we invite you to take action in the following ways:

Microsoft also offers several options to obtain a legal copy of Windows, including a complimentary offer for victims who were deceived into buying high-quality counterfeit copies.

If You Encounter Mislicensing Issues

Organizations might encounter the following licensing noncompliance issues:

Computers without a qualifying operating system the VL is being used on computers without a qualifying operating system

Nonqualifying operating system licenses for example, attempting to upgrade from Home Edition to Professional Edition

Inadequate operating system licenses for example, the number of deployed systems exceeds the number of licenses acquired

Licenses in need of reimaging rights.

In these cases, customers can purchase a Get Genuine Windows Agreement

through Microsoft or its authorized partners.

The risks and damaging effects of piracy and the use of counterfeit software are real. They expose customers to security threats like exposure to malicious software

, the inability to acquire the updates and support they need, and incomplete access to the entire Microsoft software experience. Software piracy has become so sophisticated that even individuals and organizations with the best intensions can be misled into using it. For these reasons, Microsoft continues to increasingly invest in its Genuine Software Initiative, providing the education, engineering tools, and enforcement policies to help individual customers and organizations identify counterfeit software and activate and validate genuine Microsoft software.

Windows Activation Technologies in Windows 7 offers critical improvements. It includes a refined end-user experience with a clear and simplified interface that is configurable by system administrators and provides the ability for enterprise customers to manage activation more effectively as part of deployment. There is improved support for virtual systems and DNS integration, which facilitates improved manageability and reporting.

Learn more about the following topics:

1 The Risks of Obtaining and Using Pirated Software, a report by IDC, John F. Gantz, Christian A. Chritiansen, Al Gillen, October 2006.

2 Genuine Software Is a Win-Win for Customers, Microsoft and Partners, by Laura DiDio, Yankee Group Research, January 2007.

3 Impact of Unlicensed Software on Mid-Market Companies, a report by Harrison Group, 2008.

Jan 30, 2007 You may be prompted to activate Windows Vista on a computer on which Windows Vista was already activated by a Volume License or OEM installation.

Expanding on its Windows Activation Windows 7white paper. OEM activation is applicable Windows Activation Technologies in Windows 7 offers.

Answer

The most common cause/cure of this type of problem is the Intel Rapid Storage Drivers.

To be sure, we need to see an MGADiag report from one of the affected machines.

To properly analyse and solve problems with Activation and Validation, we need to see a full copy of the report produced by the MGADiag tool

download and save to desktop -

52012

Once saved, run the tool.

Click on the Continue button, which will produce the report.

To copy the report to your response, click on the Copy button in the tool ignore any error messages at this point, and then paste using either r-click/Paste, or Ctrl V into your response.

- in your own thread, please

Please also state the Version and Edition of Windows quoted on your COA sticker if you have one on the case of your machine or inside the battery compartment, but do NOT quote the Key on the sticker.

If it is the drivers, then force installs of the IRST drvers on all machines.

My boilerplate.

The problem lies with the file integrity.

This may simply be caused by a bad set of Intel Rapid Storage Technology drivers -

Installing the Intel Rapid Storage Drivers

try downloading and installing them from here -

2101 DwnldID 20624

Once complete, please reboot twice, then post another MGADiag report.

Noel Paton

Nil Carborundum Illegitemi -

No, I don t work for Microsoft.

1 person found this helpful

The first big mistake is using OEM media for mass deployment. Because you used an auto-activated image, it thinks the license is being installed on more than one machine although all maybe the same Dell model. The work around is to enter each COA product

key attached to each machine manually and activate it manually and let it do it for you.

When deploying Windows 7 on a large scale, the recommended route is Volume License media since it simplifies both the deployment and activation of multiple copies.

From:

Many IT Pros may be looking at re-imaging their pre-installed OEM images with a standard image. However, It s less clear how this works from a licensing perspective. I have included some of the rules around re-imaging your PCs and the caveats that you should

look out for to not fall foul of mis-licensing.

Re-Imaging Criteria

Volume Licensing customers who have licensed Microsoft software products from an OEM, through a retail source, or under any agreement other than their Microsoft Volume Licensing agreement may use copies made from Microsoft Volume Licensing media to re-image

their devices.Re-imaging is permitted if the copies made from the Volume Licensing media are identical to the originally licensed product. Customers can use these copies from Microsoft media only if they are the same product and version, contain the same components, and are in the same languageRe-imaging using the full version media requires that customers must also have licensed full OEM or full FPP retail productRe-imaging with an upgrade license, the device must have a full underlying OEM or full FPP retail license.If the customer has a FPP upgrade, and wants to re-image with Volume License Media, there again must be an underlying qualified base license.Organizations do not have the right to reimage using OEM media.This must have the same Version, Edition, Components and Language

Best,

Andre

techingiteasy.wordpress.com

Windows Expert - Consumer

Follow me: twitter/adacosta

5 people found this helpful

Okay I understood. The BIOS has not been updated.

If we plan to transform our existing licensing from OEM to MAK/KMS, can we do it for free or how much cost we have to include in our budget.

Thank you.

Be the first person to mark this helpful.

Nov 15, 2012 Describes how to activate Windows Vista. Also describes how to determine the activation status. You must activate Windows Vista within 30 days.

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May 30, 2007 Windows Vista Activation and OEM Informatino by StR0 is an all-in-one AIO activator to crack Windows Vista. The activator for all versions of Vista.

Windows Activation Technologies in Windows 7

2016-01-21

Intel 2200 Wireless Driver Windows 7

Note: If you are uncertain which Intel Processor is in your computer, Intel recommends using the Intel Processor Identification Utility or Intel Driver Update.

You are logged in as. Please submit your review for Network:Intel R PRO/Wireless 2200BG Driver.

Demonstrates how to identify the Intel wireless adapter and driver version number on a machine running Windows 8 operating system using the control panel.

315.1 MB 2,256 downloads

Manufacturer: INTEL

Category: C: Network Card INTEL

Added on:February 12th, 2013

Compatible with: Windows XP / 7 / 7 64 bit

Fixes:

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This package installs the Wireless LAN Driver to enable the following devices:

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If this package has been installed, updating overwrite-installing this package will fix problems, add new functions, or expand functions. This program is language independent and can be used with any language system.

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Lenovo ThinkPad SL510 Intel WLAN Driver 15.02.0000.1258 for XP/Windows 7.

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Identify Intel® Wireless Adapter, Driver Version in Windows* 8

This package contains the files needed for installing the Intel PRO/Wireless 2200BG/2915ABG/39145ABG/3965ABG Driver. If it has been installed, updating.

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Note: 1. If you are uncertain which Intel Processor is in your computer, Intel recommends using the Intel Processor Identification Utility or Intel Driver Update.

2016-01-21

Download Panda Antivirus 2009 Full

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Windows 7 Xp Vista Activator

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Windows 7 Slic Loader 2.3.9 – a new activator for operating systems Windows 7 h86/64 any revisions. Activate your Windows 7 in one click. Activate your copy of windows 7, all edition or uninstall all crack bootmgr, bootloader or key / cert in one click.

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Option Cert Slic together for OEM installation.

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OEM Certificate Key install only where bios already or modded contains slic 2.1

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2016-01-21

Beach Head Crack Download

Beach Head 2000 returned 5 download results. Full version downloads hosted on high speed servers.

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Beach Head 2002 is an updated version of Beach Head 2000, a repetitive arcade-style shooter that lets you assume the role of a lone gunner trying to fend off a beach.
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Beach Head 2000 .Publisher : WizardWorksDeveloper : Digital FusionGenre : ActionRelease date : Jun 15, 2000Beachhead 2000 is a hard-core non-stop action 3D.

Beachhead 2002 follows on the success of Beachhead 2000 with ease of use and hard-core, non-stop 3D shooting action in a photorealistic and accurate environment. Players will be assigned to an inland defense perimeter, protecting a command post to repel an expected airborne assault. It has more depth and game play variations, smarter troops and with more weapons to choose from. Engage in continuous day and night fighting with searchlights and night flares.

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- CPU Pentium II 233 MHz

- RAM 32MB RAM

- DX DirectX 7.0 or higher

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- HDD 75MB

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2016-01-21

Driver Agere Modem Windows Xp

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Download Driver Lenovo 3000 Y500 Notebooks for Windows XP ; Description Driver Download; Realtek High Definition Audio Driver v5.10.0.5307: Audio : Download.
Released on May 30, 2012. Platform: Windows 2000/XP/2003 x86 File size 24.6 MB 25,793,344 bytes.

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Intel Chipset Installation Utility

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Compaq Presario V4000 Audio Driver

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Agere Soft Modem Drivers for ICH6 Chipset

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Compaq Presario V4000 Graphic Driver

Mobile Intel 915GM/GMS and 910GML Express Chipset Family Video Driver

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Agere Soft Modem Drivers for ICH6 Chipset for Microsoft Windows XP

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Compaq Presario V4000 Wireless/Network Driver

Intel PRO Wireless LAN Driver for Microsoft Windows XP

Broadcom Wireless LAN Driver

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Compaq Presario V4000 Bluetooth Driver.

Support Software for HP Integrated Module with Bluetooth Wireless Technology

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Realtek RTL8100C NIC Driver for Microsoft Windows XP

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Touchpad Pointing Device Driver

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Compaq Presario V4000 Button Driver.

HP Quicklaunch Button

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Texas Instruments Media Card Reader Driver

Media Card Reader Driver

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Lightscribe Host Software

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A Modem Driver is software that allows your computer to access and use the installed modem. Modem driver problems may occur if the Modem drivers are improperly configured, incompatible with your operating system or corrupt. When you have Modem Driver problems, you are not able to connect to the internet or your computer freezes when it attempts to connect to the internet. You can fix Modem driver problems instantly by using a reliable Driver Management Tool. You can run a Free Scan for outdated or incorrect Modem Drivers and solve your driver problems instantly or search our driver archive to find the exact Modem driver that fits your needs.

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v2.4.5_WHQL_Drivers.exe229.4 KB9,302

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mf622-driver-f it_.zip178.5 KB3,258

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huawei_V_Wireless.zip1.6 MB15,673

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HSP688T.zip11.2 MB67,568

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2016-01-21

Regrun 5.7 Crack

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2016-01-21

Via Envy24 Vista Driver

VIA Technologies Envy24 Family Audio Controller WDM Free Driver Download

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2016-01-21

3com Us Robotics 56k Voice Driver

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2016-01-21

Windows Vista Ultimate Invalid Activation Key

Jun 02, 2015 Describes how to work around specific error codes that may occur when you use Volume Activation in Windows 7, in Windows Server 2008, or in Windows Vista.

Hello I m Yolisa I have downloaded a free windows 7 ultimate version and now it says the windows i m using needs to be updated to genuine versions and I would.

If your Windows product key is not valid, if you don t have a Windows product key, or if you lost the product key that came with your copy of Windows, you ll need to.

Vista Activation

You will now need to enter your Windows 7 product key, you can get genuine Windows 7 Activation keys provided from Microsoft from here, copy any key and enter it as.

Jul 09, 2008 Still lurking around Internet for torrents to download Windows Vista with SP1 DVD media image and ways to activate Windows Vista as full version OS.

HelloCJLldt, You might try the below instructions and see if Windows will re-activate.

1 Click the Start button.

2 Type: CMD.exe in the run box.

3 Right-Click on CMD.exe and select Run as Administrator

This should give you a black screen with a white blinking cursor. At the blinking cursor,

4 Type: net stop sppsvc It may ask you if you are sure, select yes

Note: the Software Protection servive may not be running, this is ok.

5 Type: cd windir ServiceProfiles NetworkService AppData Roaming Microsoft SoftwareProtectionPlatform

6 Type: rename tokens.dat tokens.bar

7 Type: cd windir system32

8 Type: net start sppsvc

9 Type: slui.exe

10 After a couple of seconds Windows Activation dialog will appear.

Press the enter key on the keyboard after each command.

You may be asked to re-enter the Product Key and/or re-activate or Activation may occur automatically.

Since there is a lot of information here, you might want to copy and paste these instructions into a Word or WordPad document and then print them, so you can enter the information exactly as it is on the instructions. One wrong typo will cause these commands to fail.

_____________________________________________

Please click the White Kudos star on the left, to say thanks.

Please mark Accept As Solution if it solves your problem.

_____________________________________________

05-28-2012

- last edited on

SedonaF

Hi there;

i am havins the same problem with Vista home premium activation failure.

my product is HP compaq presario V6562EA

Product number P/N : gt445ea

Serial number S/N : Removed for privacy

but i might be entering the licence key wrong as it is mostly un readable after all the years of use.

so how can i rectify this, and sort the Vista validation.

erico wrote:

Hi,

CJLldt wrote:

Windows Vista Product Key not valid. Vista was preinstalled on the Pavilion desktop I bought 2 years ago. Suddenly there is a problem and I need to activate Vista using the product key. When I try to do so with the key on the PC s label it s invalid. I have not upgrade the hardware or done anything to the motherboard. I tried calling HP and they said I d need to pay a support fee for them to validate my product key. I called Microsoft and they said HP would have to give me the valid key. How do I fix this. It seems like a scam to me to make me pay for a product key after 2 years of course after the warranty is expired. The one on my documentation and labelled on my PC is suppose to work.

What is the product name/number on the barcoded tag on the back of your desktop PC.

Best regards,

erico

total history : end to end.

topic, the flash drive. 23 to 32GB mine is 32 Sandisk USB3, extreme, 100mB/s writes.

will not work with rebecca, or whatever it s called now

it will not run, create backup USB flash, create recovery drive

it just shows the spinning daisy all day long. on a brand new HP laptop, July 20th 2014, new in box.

I just ran sfc /scan now, and passes.

my best guess it he windows update to 8.0 all 100 killed this feature

or my 8.1 update. toss coin

i ordered the new install disk from HP for 18.

so ill close this topic with, operator error, never update then attempt run build your own, backup media.

RIP

later

the second problem, is the bios fails to allow. my next upgrade.

a new SSD.

I got it working. but BIOS does not allow you to see both drives.. in boot order bios UEFI.

I solved this by deleting the 1st 2 partions, of the old HDD,

now SSD runs like lighting and BIOS, can be ignored.

I used Acronis to make tib files of all the above steps and evolutions so am good.. and did to and external huge drive.

problem solved.

closed,

Hello jlglou,

Rocket Life will chime in at some point and he can explain best how HP Photo Creations works since he is the creator of the program.

In the mean time, I will try to help as best I can.

I clicked on the plus button on the preview page and it just replicates the collage I currently made WITHOUT the photos.

That is how it works for me also. When you click the sign, it will generate another page duplicating the previous page.

I think this is for those who are making a simple layout and want to keep it the same, Less effort is involved.

IF you want to change the next layout, you will need to manually remove or reposition/resize the blank photo to drop another image into it. The background carries over to the next page also. You can remove or replace this by going to Design left side and then clicking on Backgrounds at the bottom to bring up the options to change it.

There is no way I know of to make it create a completely blank page each time unless you start with a blank and duplicate it several times, then go back and start creating on the first page.

I also want to use templates for my photos. Is there the option for that.

Not sure what you mean by templates to choose from but there is lots of Themes to choose from which may be the same thing you are talking about. I do not see a way to save a custom set of templates but you can Save a Project to open later and work from.

Like I said, Rocket Life will join in soon and explain anything I have left out.

Here is the manual for Photo Creations if you need it.

Hope it helps.

Well, its hard for me to answer because everyones interpretation of something will be different than anothers.

In Photo Creations, when it comes time to choose from Prints, Collage Prints, Cards, etc, those to me are the Templates to choose from in my interpretation.

I took a look around Snapfish without creating an account and could see an option for Page Layouts when creating a photo book that worked differently than Photo Creations. Those were more pre-determined layouts that could be called templates.

I think what you are asking is about some feature of another program that either Photo Creations does not have or works differently than what you are used to.

Each Program has a feature that another program does not.

The more you play around with that program, the better you get with it.

I dont know what else to say.

Sorry, I dont know if that answers your question.

08-03-2014

I have been passed a Compaq PC with preloaded Windows Vista. It belongs to the local church and is surplus to requirements so I was asked to make sure it was cleaned of all user information.

The simplest way was to run the factory restore utility and reset it back to new status. I wanted to check it had worked as intended to so I started the registration process, I can always re-run the restore again. It loads and processes the OOBE screens as normal however when I step through the screens offered to the user the Compaq registration screen is already filled in with the original owners details.

One of the key uses of the factory restore function would be to clean down a system ready to be sold off or disposed of so it displaying the original owner details rather defeats the object. Where would Vista be retaining this data despite the restore process. If needed I can boot in Audit mode to clean off the data.

Windows 8 could be an option for you. None of the HP value added software would be available.

Try the below Microsoft analysis tool to see if you would have any issues with using Windows 8.

Microsoft Windows 8 upgrade assistant

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

HP DV9700, t9300, Nvidia 8600, 4GB, Crucial C300 128GB SSD

HP ENVY 17t Touch,i7-5500u,16GB, 256 GB SSD on loan

HP Photosmart 6520

HP Touchpad, HP Chromebook 11

Custom i7-4790k, Z97, 16GB 2400 MHz DDR3, Intel 750 PCI-E SSD, 2 Samsung EVO 840 SSD, Corsair HX650, EVGA GTX 760TI, Corsair H75 water cooler

Windows 10 Pro in UEFI mode - production system

Windows 7 and 8 in UEFI mode - test systems

RJ167

Top Student

Posts: 8

Member Since:

12-26-2011

Message 11 of 11

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I clicked on link. Message said Windows 8 isn t available for my location.

Here is my situation. I had left my desktop computer sitting for like 20 minutes and come back it had gone to sleep. I hit the spacebar on the keyboard to wake it up. Then I find all my explorer pages had closed out or something. I had been using the computer just fine all day now it decides to give me a problem.

I try to reopen the Windows Internet Explorer and get this message in a small box that comes up after it appears to be analyzing a problem

Internet Explorer Has Stopped Working

A problem caused the program to stop working correctly. Windows will close the program and notify you if a solution is available

Well I m lucky I can come on my wifes laptop and actually type this. I have tried restarting my computer and every time I try to open the internet explorer I get the same message. Why is this happening. Everything was working fine. I have seen something about a KB issue and it directs to a webpage telling about it. But with no way to even do anything on the explorer how do I fix this. This isn t happening on this laptop so why on the desktop. They both have Windows 7 and the same Internet Explorer

I really like how it tells me it will notify me if a solution is available. How can you if the explorer isn t working properly.

Does anyone have any solutions to this issue. Thanks in advance. Hopefully it is something that will be worked out on its own, but each time I ve tried to restart it it won t work properly.

08-25-2011

you can do this by: Close any Internet Explorer windows Click Start Click Control Panel Open Internet Options you may have to switch from category view to icons to find this Click the Advanced tab Click Reset Click Close Click OK Open Internet Explorer

James

innm777

Honor Student

Posts: 4

07-26-2014

Message 1 of 6

362 Views

Perhaps, it was related to windows updates but uninstalling all lat updates didn t hel.

Gurkiratturna

Tutor

Posts: 9

08-01-2014

Message 1 of 3

177 Views

08-02-2014

After updating to windows 8.1 Hp support assistant has stopped working.All drivers are up to date but the problem persists.

My laptop model no. id Hp Pavilion 15-n012TX.

Question:

Hi, I have an HP Pavilion dv6 with ATI Mobility Radeon Premium graphics DirectX 11 with Windows 7 operating system, and when I put in suspend, either from the icon or down the laptop lid does not restart, the screen goes in black, can someone tell me a solution. Thank you.

Answer:

Update all your drivers.

Use the troubleshootings tips from this site:

us lc en docname c01853693

Actualizar todos los controladores.

Utilice los consejos troubleshootings desde esta página:

c01947646 cc mx destPage document lc es tmp_docn

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Please mark my post as SOLVED if it has resolved your problem. It helps others with similar situations.

07-27-2014

After the last critical update about a week ago I have to perform System Restore in order to access my internet provider. Updates are automatic so everyday my updates install and everyday I have to do a system restore.

I ran the troubleshooter and it didn t work. I hide the update, restarted computer and the rest of the updates worked and I have no problems accessing the internet. Thanks for your help.

Your welcome

ShafiqueShawal

Posts: 2

Message 1 of 4

374 Views

Hello Sir,

I am using hp pro 3330 Micro Tower PC, I Need Graphics Lan Driver for Windows 7 32bit OS. I need Intel HD graphics driver for my pc. also I feel problem in connecting internet from my modem. Please help me.

Solved.

View Solution.

What is the version of your Windows 7. Please use the following link:

5160082 ac.admitted 1407043917089.876444892.492883150

Regards.

View solution

in context

Assuming you have an HP Pavilion p6-2310 Desktop Computer H3Y76AA and not one of the p6-3210xx models, you can order HP Recovery Media from HP. Please see DVD - English, French Windows 8 64b 12NA3RR8601 to order the Recovery Media or contact official HP support in your region / country via the, HP Worldwide Support Portal, to see if HP Recovery Media is available for your computer. After returning your computer to a factory like state, you will be able to use the Microsoft store to upgrade to Windows 8.1.

If you have any further questions, please don t hesitate to ask.

Please click the White KUDOS Thumbs Up to show your appreciation

Frank

------------ Please click the White Kudos Thumbs Up to say THANKS for helping.

Please click the Accept As Solution on my post, if my assistance has solved your issue. ------------V

This is a user supported forum. I am a volunteer and I don t work for HP.

HP a1632x - Windows 7, 4GB RAM, AMD Radeon HD 6450

HP p6130y - Windows 7, 8GB RAM, AMD Radeon HD 6450

HP p6320y - Windows 7, 8GB RAM, NVIDIA GT 240

HP p7-1026 - Windows 7, 6GB RAM, AMD Radeon HD 6450

HP p6787c - Windows 7, 8GB RAM, NVIDIA GT 240

07-28-2014

- edited

Thanks for the help

was on the phone with HP for 61 minutes but there was satisfaction at the end. Spoke to 3 different departments but great customer service - and they are shipping me the recovery disks

cheers

If you can still read the 25-digit Windows product key on the Microsoft COA affixed to your computer, you can type this key in to reactivate your computer. You can also return the computer to a factory like state using the HP Recovery Media you created when you first setup the computer. This may also resolve your activation issue. What you are seeing is normally the result of a corrupt Windows file or a corrupt BIOS.

07-29-2014

I have bought HP computer about 3 years ago, so warranty is already expired now.

Yesterday hard drive got broken. I am ready to buy and install new hard drive, but I have no disc with Windows.

Is there any way to obtain Windows from HP. Microsoft customer support told me that it should be possible.

Hi MC_UK,

Did you create a set of HP recovery discs for your PC. Try recovering your PC with the recovery discs if your failed recovery attempt was performed using the HDD recovery partition.

Recovery discs are not available for your PC from either: HP, Computer Surgeons, or Best2Serve-UK.

You may have to download Vista, burn to disc, and do a clean install. Then install drivers from HP s Software and driver download site for your PC. The Vista download link provides details on how to create the bootable disc or USB drive.

Here are instructions on activating Vista.

Jaco

I am not an HP employee

Please give a Kudos, Thumbs Up if advice received is relevant or Accept as Solution to assist other forum users having a similar problem.

HP Products:

810-150se Desktop

17t-j000 Notebook

H8 1380t CTO Desktop

560z Desktop.

The confusion surrounding Windows 10, updates, licensing, activation, and versions is substantial. Windows 10 arrived on July 29 and was initially met with widespread.

Nov 12, 2006 can u please send windows vista ultimate product key.please my system not working.

Your PC has Windows 8, but the info on this page is about Windows 8.1. Update now to Windows 8.1 for free.

2016-01-21

Usb To Rs232 Serial Null Modem

USB to USB Null Modem RS-232 Communication Cable 8ft. Long USBG usb to serial adapter: USB to Serial Adapters RS232, the USB Null Modem cable may.

StarTech 1 Port USB to Null Modem RS232 DB9 Serial DCE Adapter Cable with FTDI. Over Millions of Products from Leading Brands. More items related to null modem.
USB Universal Serial Bus connector pinouts. Nullmodem.Com. USB. The USB was designed to improve on earlier peripheral connection technologies.
Rs232 null modem cable 315 listings Startech.Com 1 Port Usb To Null Modem Rs232 Db9 Serial Dce Adapter Cable With Ft. 35.79; Buy It Now; Free shipping;.
Shop C2G for Serial RS232 Null Modem Cables. Choose from a variety of DB25 to DB9, USB to Serial RS232 Adapters; Serial RS232 Expansion Adapters;.
Null modem serial cable Replace worn-out or missing DB9 RS232 cables with this high quality,10ft DB9 RS232 Serial Null Modem USB/serial cable is well.

C2G s offering of USB 2.0 cables includes standard A to B connectors, Mini-USB connectors, and Micro USB connectors that are used for connecting electronics such as printers, smartphones, and digital cameras to a computer, television, or USB 2.0 port. For USB 2.0 connectivity to unique USB devices with an A female to A female USB connector Standard USB 2.0 peripheral cables for connecting printers, scanners, USB hard drives, and other USB devices. Choose six colors including black.

Null modem is a communication method to directly Serial ports and null modem cables are still widely used in these industries with Ethernet just slowly becoming.

The ICUSB232FTN FTDI USB to Null Modem Serial Adapter Cable 1-Port converts an available USB 1.1 or 2.0 port into an RS232 Null Modem serial DB9 port, solving DCE/DTE conflicts directly, without requiring additional cross-wired serial cables or adapters.

This compact adapter features COM retention, allowing the same COM port value to automatically be re-assigned to the port if the cable is disconnected and re-connected to the host computer, or if the system is rebooted. The integrated FTDI chipset supports additional customization, advanced features, and compatibility not necessarily offered by other solutions.

The USB to Null Modem adapter is compatible with a broad list of operating systems including Windows, Windows CE, Mac OS and Linux, making it easier to integrate into mixed environments.

Backed by a StarTech.com 2-year warranty and free lifetime technical support.

The StarTech.com Advantage

USB to Null Modem serial adapter corrects DTE/DCE conflicts without requiring additional adapters or cables

The FTDI chipset is highly customizable and broadly compatible, making it the ideal solution for any setup

Portable USB-Powered design requires no bulky power adapter or outlet

Common Customer Questions

View FAQs

Compatible With

View full OS compatibility

Windows 10 32/64, 8 / 8.1 32/64, 7 32/64, Vista 32/64, XP 32/64, 2000, 98SE, XP Embedded, CE 4.2

Windows Server 2012, 2008 R2, 2003

Mac OS 10.x tested up to 10.11

Linux 2.4.x / 2.6.x

Applications

Perfect for IT Administrators looking to add legacy functionality to newer notebooks, PCs and servers that lack an integrated RS232 port

Connect, monitor and control industrial/automotive sensors and equipment

Connect bar code scanners, receipt printers and other point of sale devices

Connect and program LED and Digital signage boards with serial communication ports

Connect a satellite receiver, serial modem, or PDU

Product Numbers

Dell Harmony

A6146586

TechData Dis

11029913

ASI Distribution USA

125147

D and H

ICUSB232FTN

Ingram Micro USA

PG5611

Synnex US

STA-ICUSB232FTN

UPC Code

065030846837

Warranty Information

Warranty

2 Years

Hardware

Bus Type

USB 2.0

Chipset ID

FTDI - FT232RL

Interface

Serial

Port Style

Cable Adapter

Ports

Performance

Data Bits

7, 8

FIFO

256 Bytes

Max Baud Rate

921.6 Kbps

Parity

None, Odd, Even, Mark,

Space

Serial Protocol

RS-232

Stop Bits

1, 2

Connector s

Connector Type s

1 - DB-9 9 pin; D-Sub Female

1 - USB A 4 pin Male

Software

OS Compatibility

Windows 10 32/64, 8 / 8.1 32/64, 7 32/64, Vista 32/64, XP 32/64, 2000, 98SE, XP Embedded, CE 4.2

Special Notes / Requirements

System and Cable Requirements

One available USB 1.1 or better port

Power

Power Source

USB-Powered

Environmental

Humidity

5 95 RH

Operating Temperature

0 C to 55 C 32 F to 131 F

Storage Temperature

-20 C to 85 C -4 F to 185 F

Physical Characteristics

Cable Length

3.3 ft 1 m

Color

Black

Enclosure Type

Plastic

Product Height

0.6 in 16.5 mm

Product Length

7 in 179 mm

Product Weight

3.1 oz 88 g

Product Width

1.3 in 33.5 mm

Packaging Information

Shipping Package Weight

0.5 lb 0.2 kg

What s in the Box

Included in Package

1 - USB to RS-232 Null Modem Adapter

1 - Driver CD

1 - Instruction Manual

Certifications

View Certification

In stock:

USA: 108

Canada: 17

We will transfer stock to fulfill your order at no extra cost. If the quantity shown for our US warehouse isn t enough to fulfill your order, we will transfer the required stock from our Canadian warehouse.

USA: 592

Canada: 81

USA: 520

Canada: 93

USA: 76

Canada: 15

USA: 102

Canada: 29

USA: 109

Canada: 27

USA: 0

Canada: 3

USA: 1370

Canada: 186

USA: 117

Canada: 5

USA: 292

USA: 2744

Canada: 1321

USA: 487

Canada: 204

USA: 1254

Canada: 527

USA: 2508

Canada: 24

Share your opinions about this product

Thanks for sharing your opinions about the ICUSB232FTN. When writing your review, please focus on the performance and quality of this product. Your comments will help guide others. If possible, include examples of how you use the product, things you like or things you wish were different about it.

Update My Antivirus Avast

Posts Tagged My Avast account Deborah Remember to update Avast Anti-Theft if you don t get Avast antivirus products are available to download for a.

Avast Account

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A feature of most of our programs is their ability to update themselves automatically. If you are connected to the Internet, virus database updates are downloaded and installed automatically without any user action. The availability of a new version is checked when an Internet connection is established, and every four hours afterwards. Update files can also be downloaded from these pages if required e.g. if your computer does not have an Internet connection. Updates are usually released on a daily basis.

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2016-01-21

42id Patch

42nd Infantry Division Multicam OCP Army Patch. 42nd Infantry Division Multicam OCP Army Patch. 6.50. SKU: PATCH-42ID-MCAM. LOC:Rm A.

There does a multicam 42 id patch, just a planet means Imbued. There is various astronomy and there is has other sun. Microsoft edits preparing to overthrow a.

Origin of the Rainbow Patch

The 42nd Division stretches like a Rainbow from one end of America to the other.

--General Douglas MacArthur--

The 42nd Infantry RAINBOW Division received the name Rainbow Division in 1917 during its organization at Camp Mills, Long Island, New York. The Chief of Staff of the Division at that time was Colonel Douglas MacArthur, As they were discussing the organization of the Division and reviewing the National Guard units from 26 states that would make up the Division, Colonel Douglas MacArthur commented that The 42nd Division stretches like a Rainbow from one end of America to the other. The comment caught the interest of those present and they decided to call it the Rainbow Division.

After a few weeks of training had past, it was decided to create a patch for the Division, Local seamstresses in Hempstead were contacted and a Rainbow patch was created out of strips of felt on squares of brown wool uniform cloth. The three primary colors of the Rainbow; Red, Gold, and Blue were selected. The soldiers immediately adopted the design. Since there was no method for the government to provide the patches, seamstresses on Long Island and later in France, were kept busy throughout the war sewing Rainbow Patches.

One of the original patches is on display in the World War I section of the historical display at the Division Headquarters, in Troy, New York.

SHOULDER SLEEVE INSIGNIA

Description:

The 4th quadrant of a rainbow of three bands red, yellow and blue, each 3/8 inch . 95cm in width, outer radius 2 inches 5.08cm ; all within a 1/8 inch . 32cm Army green border.

Background:

The shoulder sleeve insignia was originally authorized by telegram on 29 Oct 1918 for the 42nd Division. It was officially authorized for wear on 27 May 1922. On 8 Sept 1947 it was authorized for the 42nd Infantry Division.

DISTINCTIVE UNIT INSIGNIA

A gold color metal and enamel device 1 3/16 inches 3.02cm in height overall consisting of an arc of three concentric red, gold metal and blue bands, the ends curving downwards and terminating behind a vertical white enamel fleur-de-lis on either side above in base a yellow enamel demi-sun with gold rays on a light blue background, all above a red scroll, the ends curving behind the lower area of each fleur-de-lis, inscribed RAINBOW in gold letters.

Symbolism:

Blue is the color used for Infantry. The rainbow alludes to the shoulder sleeve insignia of the Division and spanning across two fleurs-de-lis symbolize their combat service in France during both World War I and World War II. The sun, adapted from the seal of the State of New York, refers to the location and home area of the 42nd Infantry Division.

The distinctive unit insignia was authorized on 3 Jun 1976.

The 42d Infantry Division 42ID Rainbow 1. The original version of the patch symbolized a half arc rainbow and contained thin bands in multiple colors.

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42nd Infantry Division MultiCam OCP PatchVelcro or equivalent Hook Fastener Unit Patch to be worn on the Army OCP / MultiCam Uniform OCP Operation.

The 42d Infantry Division 42ID Rainbow is a division of the United States The 42nd Division adopted a shoulder patch and unit crests acknowledging the Rainbow Division - Rainbow unit insignia - World War I - World War II42d Infantry Division Story of the Rainbow Patch - DMNAhttps://dmna.ny.gov/arng/42div/.id patchCachedSimilarOrigin of the Rainbow Patch. 42ID patch The 42nd Division stretches like a Rainbow from one end of America to the other. --General Douglas MacArthur--.

2016-01-21

Antivirus For Samsung Galaxy Gt-s5301

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Intel Media Graphic Driver

Download Intel® Graphics Media Accelerator Driver for Windows* XP (exe)

This package installs the software Display driver to enable the following device.- Intel R Graphics Media Accelerator HD.

Intel HD Graphics Driver and Intel Graphics Media Accelerator Next-generation graphics built right into the processor for immersive visual experiences.

Installs graphics driver version 14.32.4 for the integrated graphics controller of Intel chipsets.

Intel HD Graphics Driver for Windows XP 32-bit - ThinkPad T410, T410i, T410s, T410si, T510, T510i, X201, X201i, X201s, X201 Tablet.

A must-have graphics driver for generic Intel chipsets 32-bit : Intel Graphics Media Accelerator Driver is a graphics driver for Intel GMA based motherboards.

Driver Detective is the Intel Graphics recommended Driver Update Utility. Its no surprise, Driver Detective is recommended by software and computer experts.

Since the 2600K is considered a desktop processor more info at ark.intel.com the graphics driver and Media SDK are only validatedfor Windows 7 and Vista.

This package provides the Intel Graphics HD Media Accelerator Driver and is supported on Inspiron Notebook N5010/N5030/M4010 that are running the following Windows.

The terms of the software license agreement included with any

software you download will control your use of the software.

INTEL SOFTWARE LICENSE AGREEMENT

IMPORTANT - READ BEFORE COPYING, INSTALLING OR USING.

Do not use or load this software and any associated materials collectively,

the Software until you have carefully read the following terms and

conditions. By loading or using the Software, you agree to the terms of this

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LICENSES: Please Note:

- If you are a network administrator, the Site License below shall

apply to you.

- If you are an end user, the Single User License shall apply to you.

- If you are an original equipment manufacturer OEM, the OEM License

shall apply to you.

SITE LICENSE. You may copy the Software onto your organization s computers

for your organization s use, and you may make a reasonable number of

back-up copies of the Software, subject to these conditions:

1. This Software is licensed for use only in conjunction with Intel

component products. Use of the Software in conjunction with non-Intel

component products is not licensed hereunder.

2. You may not copy, modify, rent, sell, distribute or transfer any part

of the Software except as provided in this Agreement, and you agree to

prevent unauthorized copying of the Software.

3. You may not reverse engineer, decompile, or disassemble the Software.

4. You may not sublicense or permit simultaneous use of the Software by

more than one user.

5. The Software may include portions offered on terms in addition to those

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SINGLE USER LICENSE. You may copy the Software onto a single computer for

your personal, noncommercial use, and you may make one back-up copy of the

Software, subject to these conditions:

OEM LICENSE: You may reproduce and distribute the Software only as an

integral part of or incorporated in Your product or as a standalone

Software maintenance update for existing end users of Your products,

excluding any other standalone products, subject to these conditions:

component products is not licensed hereunder.

4. You may only distribute the Software to your customers pursuant to a

written license agreement. Such license agreement may be a break-the-

seal license agreement. At a minimum such license shall safeguard

Intel s ownership rights to the Software.

set out here, as set out in a license accompanying those portions.

NO OTHER RIGHTS. No rights or licenses are granted by Intel to You, expressly

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right owned or controlled by Intel, except as expressly provided in this

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OWNERSHIP OF SOFTWARE AND COPYRIGHTS. Title to all copies of the Software

remains with Intel or its suppliers. The Software is copyrighted and

protected by the laws of the United States and other countries, and

international treaty provisions. You may not remove any copyright notices

from the Software. Intel may make changes to the Software, or to items

referenced therein, at any time without notice, but is not obligated to

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trademarks, or other intellectual property rights. You may transfer the

Software only if the recipient agrees to be fully bound by these terms and if

you retain no copies of the Software.

LIMITED MEDIA WARRANTY. If the Software has been delivered by Intel on

physical media, Intel warrants the media to be free from material physical

defects for a period of ninety days after delivery by Intel. If such a defect

is found, return the media to Intel for replacement or alternate delivery of

the Software as Intel may select.

EXCLUSION OF OTHER WARRANTIES. EXCEPT AS PROVIDED ABOVE, THE SOFTWARE IS

PROVIDED AS IS WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY OF ANY KIND

INCLUDING WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, NONINFRINGEMENT, OR FITNESS FOR A

PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Intel does not warrant or assume responsibility for the

accuracy or completeness of any information, text, graphics, links or other

items contained within the Software.

LIMITATION OF LIABILITY. IN NO EVENT SHALL INTEL OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE

FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOST PROFITS,

BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, OR LOST INFORMATION ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF OR

INABILITY TO USE THE SOFTWARE, EVEN IF INTEL HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE

POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. SOME JURISDICTIONS PROHIBIT EXCLUSION OR

LIMITATION OF LIABILITY FOR IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL

DAMAGES, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. YOU MAY ALSO HAVE

OTHER LEGAL RIGHTS THAT VARY FROM JURISDICTION TO JURISDICTION.

TERMINATION OF THIS AGREEMENT. Intel may terminate this Agreement at any time

if you violate its terms. Upon termination, you will immediately destroy the

Software or return all copies of the Software to Intel.

APPLICABLE LAWS. Claims arising under this Agreement shall be governed by the

laws of California, excluding its principles of conflict of laws and the

United Nations Convention on Contracts for the Sale of Goods. You may not

export the Software in violation of applicable export laws and regulations.

Intel is not obligated under any other agreements unless they are in writing

and signed by an authorized representative of Intel.

GOVERNMENT RESTRICTED RIGHTS. The Software is provided with RESTRICTED

RIGHTS. Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is subject to

restrictions as set forth in FAR52.227-14 and DFAR252.227-7013 et seq. or its

successor. Use of the Software by the Government constitutes acknowledgment

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2016-01-21

Patch Magic Ocean Schools Crib Bedding

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2016-01-21

Windows Xp Motorola Droid Driver

Motorola Mobility makes leading Android smartphones, DROID Smartphones. DROID Turbo 2; DROID Maxx 2; DROID Mini; See all DROID smartphones; Design refresh;.

Home Support Motorola DROID RAZR M by MOTOROLA Windows Device Manager Conflicts DROID 4 by MOTOROLA Motorola USB Networking Driver.

Where can I download the USB drivers for my device.

Motorola Device Manager contains USB drivers and software to connect your Motorola phone or tablet to your computer using a USB cable.

For certain Android-powered devices, Motorola Device Manager can also update your software. Check out how.

System Requirements:

Windows

Windows XP SP3 or greater

Windows Vista

Windows 7

Windows 8

Works with devices running Android, Motorola OS, or Windows Mobile operating systems

Mac OS X

Mac OS 10.5.8 Leopard

Mac OS 10.6 Snow Leopard

Mac OS 10.7 Lion

Mac OS 10.8 Mountain Lion

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Need a PC charging driver for your W-Series phone. Get it here.

Need a Bluetooth Driver for your accessory. You can download the Broadcom Bluetooth drivers here. If you are still having trouble, go directly to your PC Manufacturer s site and download the specific wireless/Bluetooth drivers for your PC/MAC.

Home Support Motorola Droid Turbo by Motorola Windows Device DROID 4 by MOTOROLA Click Browse my computer for driver software. Enter C: Windows.

Motorola Device Manager contains USB drivers and software to connect your Motorola phone or tablet to Windows Windows XP Need a Bluetooth Driver for your.
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MTP device will not connect using windows xp

40014 Views, 7 Comments

Question Title:

Comment:

I have been trying to download media files from my phone to my laptop using windows XP. I can download pictures but when I switch to the MTP settings it finds new hardware but will not connect. I tried installing new drivers, deleting and reinstalling checking and unchecking the debugging feature and it still doesn t. I was told by Motorola support after 4 hours my laptop and operating system is not compatible. Any help would be appreciated.

Thanks otim4988.

2016-01-21

Crack In Tub Surround

How to Fix a Hairline Crack in a Fiberglass Tub; Paint the crack using the fiberglass adhesive or What is the Best Way to Remove an Old Fiberglass Tub Surround.

If it s a plastic tub surround, I would repair it temporarily with 100 silicon. I would then plan on replacing the surround completely within a month or two.

Baltimore Maryland Bathtub, Tile Tub Surround Refinishing. Tub Coaters, bathroom reconstruction, old bath tub crack. How do i fix cracks in my hot tub.

Apr 22, 2005 A. If your one-piece tub and surround has visible cracks in the bottom and along the edge between the tub and surround walls, and if it gives a bit when.

How to Repair Cracks in a Tub Surround. A tub surround fits the walls around a bathtub to protect the walls from water. Tub surrounds are available in acrylics or.

Q. My husband and I need help deciding whether we should replace a 25-year-old, acrylic, single-unit tub and shower surround when we remodel the bathroom. The tub has some 2- to 4-inch hairline cracks in the bottom and one at the junction of the tub with the surround wall. There is some flex to the bottom of the tub when we stand on it.

We plan to replace the bathroom flooring, vanity top and faucets.

How should we get the tub out, and what kind of tub should we put in its place. The bathroom is small, and the door is only 24 inches wide with the trim on.

A. If your one-piece tub and surround has visible cracks in the bottom and along the edge between the tub and surround walls, and if it gives a bit when you stand on it, you definitely need to replace it. The cracks in the tub are almost certainly allowing some water to leak underneath, and the longer you wait to replace it, the more risk there is of dry rot and other moisture-related problems.

Responding to your first question about whether you should remove and replace the tub and surround before the other remodeling, the simple answer is yes.

To get it out, you ll need to break it into smaller pieces that will fit through the door. With some elbow grease and a utility knife or a small handsaw, you can probably extend the crack between the tub and the surround from one end to the other and then remove the surround in one or two pieces. The tub will get through the door when turned on its side.

Regarding a replacement, unless you want to tear out part of a wall to get another single-unit tub and surround in there, you will have to settle for a separate tub and surround walls. With average tubs around 30 inches wide by 5 feet long, you may even have trouble getting a one-piece surround unit through the 24-inch door, in which case you might need to settle for a three-piece surround.

In general, the fewer seams you have in the tub and shower walls, the easier it will be to keep clean. But the slight inconvenience of cleaning corner seams and another at the tub edge seems a better option than taking out walls to get a one-piece tub and surround unit in there.

I assume that either you know what you are doing when removing the present unit and installing a new tub, or at least have access to help and information. There are a few other issues you might want to consider when doing this job.

One is that when you have the tub out, check the floor and supporting joists under the tub area carefully for dry rot or weak spots. If there is significant damage, you ll need to do some carpentry to replace or repair joists or floorboards before installing a new tub and new flooring.

If the walls behind the present tub and surround unit are regular drywall, even if it s in good shape and not mildewed and spongy, you should replace it with concrete board, which is impervious to moisture.

Finally, if you don t already have a powerful vent fan installed in the bathroom, now is the time to put one in while you are already making a mess remodeling. A good fan will vent shower steam and prevent problems with condensation, mildew and peeling paint.

----------

E-mail questions to yourplace tribune.com.

Cracked tub surround has to go

2016-01-21

Display Driver Samsung N148

NP-N148-DP05IN (NP-N148-DP05IN) | Support

Samsung NP-N148 drivers. Driver files firmware updates and manuals presented here is the property of their respectful owners.

DriverPack Solution - you can download free drivers for audio, video, chipset, Wi-Fi or USB, or a driver installation pack for notebook Samsung N148/N208 for Windows.

Samsung N148 Plus Netbook Review, Pictures Display – N148 comes with a 10.1 controller of my samsung n148.. is anyone there have a driver.

Samsung N148 Plus Display Driver is an online safety software available today. It records keystrokes entered, programs run, E-mail recording, and Web sites visited.

Download Samsung NP-N148 driver for Windows 7 / Windows 7 64 bit / Windows XP. To download Samsung NP-N148 PC driver follow the instructions on the page.

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2016-01-21

133 Controller Driver Promise Tx2 Ultra Winxp

Given this, you can try download Ultra 133 TX2 Windows driver for Vista and. even Windows XP, their product can still make money for them, Promise won t.

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WinXP Promise Ultra133 TX2 tm IDE Controller last driver, Windows 7 drivers: WinXP Promise Ultra133 Ultra133 TX2 tm IDE Controller Driver driver.

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A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling. A joystick, also known as the control column, is the principal control device in the cockpit of many civilian and military aircraft, either as a center stick or side-stick. It often has supplementary switches to control various aspects of the aircraft s flight.

Gamepads generally feature a set of action buttons handled with the right thumb and a direction controller handled with the left. The direction controller has traditionally been a four-way digital cross also named a joypad, or alternatively a d-pad, but most modern controllers additionally feature one or more analog sticks.

Some common additions to the standard pad include shoulder buttons placed along the edges of the pad, centrally placed start, select, and mode buttons, and an internal motor to provide force feedback.

Promise Technology hardware is not excluded from the errors and common file corruptions that any other hardware device or Windows component is susceptible to from day-to-day. As driver updates are developed, yours soon becomes out-of-date, and as errors occur and files are lost, your driver may become missing or corrupted. Sometimes an installation process simply goes wrong or an update is applied incorrectly. Whatever the cause, it s no longer working and it needs to be fixed.

Common Causes of Failure

- The driver is out-of-date

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Hopefully, your device is not damaged and all that needs to be done is to simply uninstall and remove all components of the old driver and replace it with a newer or working driver. This process, while not too terribly difficult, can be tedious and time consuming especially if you have more than one device that is out-of-date.

If you re going to manually find the drivers for your specific system, be sure to take the proper steps to identify the correct hardware on your Windows PC.

If you want to avoid the hasstle and risk of looking for the correct driver yourself, we recommend using the automatic method described below.

The easiest and safest way to download the Promise Technology drivers your system requires is to use an automatic tool to install the correct drivers for your specific hardware. Since finding the correct Promise Technology drivers manually can be time-consuming and installing an incorrect driver could potentially crash your PC, using software that does all the hard work for you is a much faster and safer option. To ensure you get the right drivers for your Promise Technology device, we strongly recommend using the automated tool, Smart Driver Updater.

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2016-01-21

Handydrive Driver

Overview

HandyDrive Password Lock Tool is a software program developed by Fujitsu LIMITED. The most common release is 2.30.0000, with over 98 of all installations currently using this version. Upon being installed, the software adds a Windows Service which is designed to run continuously in the background. Manually stopping the service has been seen to cause the program to stop functing properly. It adds a background controller service that is set to automatically run. Delaying the start of this service is possible through the service manager. The primary executable is named fjhddpw.exe. The setup package generally installs about 3 files and is usually about 2.38 MB 2,494,713 bytes. Relative to the overall usage of users who have this installed on their PCs, most are running Windows 7 SP1 and Windows Vista SP2. While about 33 of users of HandyDrive Password Lock Tool come from the United States, it is also popular in Germany and Spain.

Program details

URL: www.fujitsu.com

Installation folder: C: Program Files Fujitsu HandyDrive Password

Uninstaller: C: Program Files InstallShield Installation Information B7A8C5D2-AAB4-4AC3-B6FA-5BA2DD638641 setup.exe -runfromtemp -l0x000a -removeonly

Estimated size: 2.38 MB

Language: Spanish

Files installed by HandyDrive Password Lock Tool

Program executable:fjhddpw.exe

Name:HandyDrive PasswordLock Tool

Path:C: Program Files fujitsu handydrive password fjhddpw.exe

MD5:7cb3b4b97297df279e654da8fec28d62

Additional files:

F3EJTHDD.EXE - HandyDrive PasswordLock Tool Fujitsu HandyDrive Access Service

FJHDACLN.DLL - HandyDrive Access Library for Windows 2000/XP/Vista

Behaviors exhibited

Service

F3EJTHDD.EXE runs as a service named HandyDrive Password Lock Tool Service F3EJTHDD.

Quickly and completely remove HandyDrive Password Lock Tool from your computer by downloading Should I Remove It., its 100 FREE and installs in seconds click the button below.

Or, you can uninstall HandyDrive Password Lock Tool from your computer by using the Add/Remove Program feature in the Window s Control Panel.

On the Start menu for Windows 8, right-click the screen s bottom-left corner, click Control Panel, and then, under Programs, do one of the following:

Windows Vista/7/8: Click Uninstall a Program.

Windows XP: Click Add or Remove Programs.

When you find the program HandyDrive Password Lock Tool, click it, and then do one of the following:

Windows Vista/7/8: Click Uninstall.

Windows XP: Click the Remove or Change/Remove tab to the right of the program.

Follow the prompts. A progress bar shows you how long it will take to remove HandyDrive Password Lock Tool.

OS VERSIONS

Win 7 SP1 44

Win Vista SP1 11

HOW IT RUNS

Windows Service. Yes

Installs a service

USER ACTIONS

Uninstall it 10

Keep it 90

Windows

Which Windows OS versions does it run on.

Windows 7

44.44

Windows Vista

33.33

Windows XP

22.22

Which OS releases does it run on.

Windows Vista Home Premiu

Microsoft Windows XP

Windows 7 Starter

11.11

Windows 7 Professional

Windows 7 Home Basic

Windows 7 Home Premium

Geography

33.33 of installs come from the United States

Which countries install it.

United States

Germany

25.00

Spain

16.67

Philippines

8.33

Israel

PC manufacturers

What PC manufacturers OEMs have it installed.

American Megatrends

28.57

Hewlett-Packard

Acer

14.29

Samsung

Gateway

Common models

Packard Bell EasyNote LM8

HP-Pavilion NY786AA-A2K p

Hewlett-Packard Compaq Pr

Gateway T-1625

FUJITSU SIEMENS AMILO Li3

FUJITSU SIEMENS Amilo Des

About from Fujitsu LIMITED

Fujitsu is the leading Japanese information and communication technology ICT company offering a full range of technology products, solutions and services.

Publisher URL: www.fujitsu.com

Learn more about Fujitsu LIMITED.

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Jan 03, 2007 handsome said hi, i also encounter the same problem on write-protection please help.. i can t format my USB 2.0 drive it s 8Gb but when I rightclick.

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You are here: Drivers Storage drivers Fujitsu drivers

Fujitsu HandyDrive USB Driver

downlond

14.08KB

Last Updated:

2010-08-20

License:

Freeware

OS:

Win2003, WinXP, Win2000, NT, WinME

Publisher:

Fujitsu

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Кабель категории 5 Cat. 5 тип кабеля для передачи сигналов, состоящий из 4 витых пар. Используется в структурированных кабельных системах для компьютерных сетей, таких как Ethernet. Кабельный стандарт предоставляет производительность до 100 MHz и подходит для 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX Fast Ethernet, и 1000BASE-T Gigabit Ethernet. Он также используется для телефонии и передачи видео-сигналов.

Кабель терминируется модульным разъемом RJ45 или на патч-панели. Большинство кабелей 5-й категории являются неэкранированными. Для борьбы с помехами используют только свойства витой пары при передаче дифференциальных сигналов. Спецификация на категорию 5 была обновлена категорией 5e от англ. enhanced расширенная. 1

Разводка TIA/EIA-568-A.1-2001 T568A

Пин

Пара

Проводник

Цвет

бело-зелёный

зелёный

бело-оранжевый

синий

бело-синий

оранжевый

бело-коричневый

коричневый

Разводка TIA/EIA-568-B.1-2001 T568B 2

Разводка USOC/RJ61

tip

ring

Частично оголённый кабель, показывающий парные проводники.

Розетка категории 5е, показывающая две схемы разводки: A T568A, B T568B.

Содержание

1 Кабельный стандарт

1.1 Требования к кабелям

1.2 Радиус изгиба

1.3 Максимальная длина сегмента кабеля

1.4 Различия категорий 5 и 5e

2 Характеристики

2.1 Изоляция

2.2 Жилы

2.3 Индивидуальные длины витков

2.4 Сопротивление внешнему воздействию

3 См. также

4 Примечания

Кабельный стандарт править править вики-текст

Спецификация для кабеля категории 5 была определена в ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-A, с уточнением в TSB-95. 3 В этих документах указаны характеристики и требования к испытаниям на частотах до 100 МГц. Типы кабелей, типы разъемов и кабелей топологии определяются TIA/EIA-568-B. Кабель разводится по любой схеме: T568A или T568B. Обе схемы работают одинаково хорошо и могут использоваться беспорядочно, при условии, что одна схема используется для обоих концов кабеля. Почти всегда контакты разъёмов 8P8C, часто называемые RJ-45, используются для подключения кабеля категории 5. Стандарт USOC/RJ-61 используется для многоканальных телефонных соединений.

Каждая из четырех пар кабеля категории 5 имеет свой шаг скрутки, чтобы минимизировать наводки между парами. Хотя общепринятыми считаются кабельные сборки, содержащие 4 пары, 5-я категория не ограничивается 4-мя парами. В магистральных кабелях может использоваться до 100 пар 4. Использование уравновешенной линии позволяет сохранить высокое отношение сигнал-шум, несмотря на помехи от внешних источников и наводки от других пар. Кабели категории 5 наиболее часто используются для таких стандартов Ethernet, как 100Base-TX и 1000Base-T.

Кабель категории 5 может быть жёсткого Solid и гибкого Stranded типа. Кабель гибкого типа лучше гнётся, может выдержать большую нагрузку на изгиб без излома и подходит для надёжного соединения с разъёмами, прокалывающими изоляцию, но не подходит для надёжного соединения с разъёмами, смещающими изоляцию IDC. Кабель жёсткого типа дешевле источник не указан 1687 дней и подходит для надёжного соединения с разъёмами, смещающими изоляцию, но не подходят для соединения с разъёмами, прокалывающими изоляцию. Кабели зданий например, кабели внутри стен, которые соединяют розетки на стене с центральной патч-панелью обычно жёсткие в то время, как соединительные кабели например, подвижные кабели от розеток до компьютеров гибкие. Внешняя изоляция, как правило, из ПВХ или LSOH en. Тип используемого кабеля можно определить по надписям на нём. 5 Тип Solid имеет меньшие потери при передаче сигнала, именно поэтому его используют для магистральной прокладки по зданию. источник не указан 592 дня

Требования к кабелям править править вики-текст

Для кабелей стандартов 10BASE-T и 100Base-TX Ethernet требуется две пары проводников. Для кабелей стандарта 1000BASE-T Ethernet требуется четыре пары проводников. Кабели Cat 5 и Cat 5e обычно используют проводники AWG 24 26.

Радиус изгиба править править вики-текст

Большинство кабелей категории 5 могут быть согнуты с радиусом изгиба не менее 4-х внешних диаметров кабеля. 6 7

Максимальная длина сегмента кабеля править править вики-текст

В соответствии со стандартом ANSI/TIA/EIA для медного кабеля категории 5е максимальная длина кабеля сегмента составляет 100 метров 328 футов. 8 Если требуются более далёкие расстояния, необходимо использовать активные аппаратные средства, такие как повторитель или коммутатор. 9 10 По стандарту 10BASE-T расстояние между активными устройствами не должно превышать 100 метров 11 : 90 метров фиксированного кабеля, два коннектора и два коммутационных кабеля по 5 метров. 12

Различия категорий 5 и 5e править править вики-текст

К кабелям и разъёмам категории 5е ужесточили требования и ввели новые спецификации перекрёстных помех. По стандарту максимальная частота передаваемых сигналов для кабелей категорий 5 и 5e одинакова 100 МГц. 13 14

Изменённые параметры в категории 5e по сравнению с категорией 5

Параметр

Категория 5

Категория 5e

Затухание отражённого сигнала

16,0 дБ

20,1 дБ

Переходное затухание на ближнем конце

32,3 дБ

35,3 дБ

Суммарное приведённое переходное затухание на ближнем конце

не регламентировано

Переходное затухание на дальнем конце

23,8 дБ

Суммарное приведённое переходное затухание на дальнем конце

20,8 дБ

Разность задержки

45 нс

Характеристики править править вики-текст

Электрические характеристики для кабеля UTP категории 5

Характеристика

Номинальное значение

Допустимое отклонение

Единица измерения

Источник

Волновое сопротивление 100 МГц

100

Номинальные характеристики импеданса 100 МГц

DC Loop Resistance en

0.188

Ω/м

Фазовая скорость

0.64

Фазовая задержка en

4.80-5.30

нс/м

Delay skew en

Электрическая_ёмкость при 800 Гц

пФ/м

Индуктивность

525

нГ/м

Частота среза

кГц

Максимальная нагрузка на растяжение во время монтажа

Диаметр жилы

AWG-24 0.51054 мм; 0.205 мм

15 17

Толщина изоляции

0.245

мм

Максимальный ток в проводнике

0.577

Рабочая температура

от -55 до 60

Максимальное рабочее напряжение

PoE использует максимум 57 V DC 18

125

V DC

Изоляция править править вики-текст

Материалы, обычно используемые для изоляции кабеля 20

Акроним

Материал

PVC

Поливинилхлорид

Полиэтилен

Вспененый полиэтилен

FEP

Тефлон/фторосодержащий этилен-пропилен

FFEP

Вспененый тефлон/фторосодержащий этилен-пропилен

AD/PE

Воздушный диэлектрик/полиэтилен

Жилы править править вики-текст

В кабелях категорий 5 и 5e обычно используются жилы AWG 24-26. В кабелях 6-й категории должно быть больше меди в каждой жиле, что определено стандартом как 22-24 AWG. источник не указан 1356 дней

Индивидуальные длины витков править править вики-текст

При изменённой длине каждого витка перекрёстные помехи снижаются без влияния на импеданс en. 21

Цвет пары

см на виток

Витков на м

Зелёная

1.53

65.2

Синяя

1.54

64.8

Оранжевая

1.78

56.2

Коричневая

1.94

51.7

Сопротивление внешнему воздействию править править вики-текст

Пожарные сертификаты США и Канады 22

Класс

Полное название

Стандарты

CMP

Communications Plenum

CSA FT6 23 или NFPA 262 24 UL 910

CMR

Communications Riser

UL 1666

CMG

Communications General purpose

CSA FT4

Communications

UL 1685 UL 1581, Sec. 1160 Vertical-Tray

CMX

Communications Residential

UL 1581, Sec. 1080 VW-1

CMH

CSA FT1

CMR Communications Riser, изолирован полиолефином высокой плотности и покрыт беззольной оболочкой из поливинилхлорида ПВХ может быть заменен CMP Communications Plenum, который изолирован фторированным этилен-пропиленом FEP и полиэтиленом ПЭ и беззольной оболочкой поливинилхлорида ПВХ, так как у него более высокие оценки огнеустойчивости. CM Communications изолирован полиолефином высокой плотности без оболочки из ПВХ и, следовательно, имеет самую низкую огнестойкость среди этих трёх материалов. 22

Некоторые кабели УФ-стабильны это означает, что они могут подвергаться воздействию УФ-излучения на открытом воздухе без значительных разрушений. Для оболочки обычно используется ПВХ. 25 неавторитетный источник.

В любой кабель, который содержит воздушные зазоры, может попасть влага, особенно если кабель находится между внутренним и внешним пространствами. Теплый влажный воздух может вызвать конденсацию в холодных частях кабеля на открытом воздухе. Иногда необходимо принять меры предосторожности, такие как уплотнения концов кабелей. Некоторые кабели предназначены для прямого монтажа, но обычно для этого требуется, чтобы кабель был заполнен гелем, препятствующим попаданию влаги в кабель.

При использовании кабелей на вышках, внимание должно быть уделено вертикальным трассам, которые могут направить влагу в чувствительное внутреннее оборудование. 26 Обычно решается добавлением конденсатной ловушки в нижней части выполнения кабеля.

Огнеупорные кабели медленнее горят и выделяют меньше дыма, чем кабели в защитной оболочке из материалов, таких как ПВХ. Это также влияет на необходимость спринклеров. То есть при использовании огнеупорных кабелей, наличие спринклеров не обязательно. 27

Экранированный кабель FTP/STP обычно применяется при монтаже вблизи радио-частотного оборудования, которое создаёт электромагнитные помехи, а также может использоваться там, где вероятность прослушивания должна быть минимизирована.

См. также править править вики-текст

Витая пара

Audio over Ethernet en AoE

10BASE-T 10/100/1000Base-T

Power over Ethernet PoE

Примечания править править вики-текст

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2001 UTP technology Extron Electronics. Проверено 2013-05-12.

CAT5e Cable Wiring Schemes англ.. B B Electronics. Архивировано из первоисточника 5 октября 2012.

IEEE Std 802.3-2008, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2008, Table 13-1

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UNDERSTANDING CAT - 5 CABLES, Satelliete Cable TV, Проверено 5 января 2013.

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1 2 Transmission Line Zo. Архивировано из первоисточника 8 октября 2012.

1 2 Wire Gauge and Current Limits Including Skin Depth and Strength англ.. PowerStream. Проверено 12 мая 2013. Архивировано из первоисточника 8 октября 2012.

IEEE 802.3at-2009 Table 33-11

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1 2 Technical Information англ. PDF. Belden Inc.. Архивировано из первоисточника 3 марта 2012.

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Источник https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php.title Кабель_категории_5 oldid 74174120

Категория: Сетевые кабели.

The term Ethernet refers to the family of local-area network LAN products covered by the IEEE 802.3 standard that defines what is commonly known as the CSMA/CD protocol. Three data rates are currently defined for operation over optical fiber and twisted-pair cables:

10 Mbps-10Base-T Ethernet

100 Mbps-Fast Ethernet

1000 Mbps-Gigabit Ethernet

10-Gigabit Ethernet is under development and will likely be published as the IEEE 802.3ae supplement to the IEEE 802.3 base standard in late 2001 or early 2002.

Other technologies and protocols have been touted as likely replacements, but the market has spoken. Ethernet has survived as the major LAN technology it is currently used for approximately 85 percent of the world s LAN-connected PCs and workstations because its protocol has the following characteristics:

Is easy to understand, implement, manage, and maintain

Allows low-cost network implementations

Provides extensive topological flexibility for network installation

Guarantees successful interconnection and operation of standards-compliant products, regardless of manufacturer

Ethernet-A Brief History

The original Ethernet was developed as an experimental coaxial cable network in the 1970s by Xerox Corporation to operate with a data rate of 3 Mbps using a carrier sense multiple access collision detect CSMA/CD protocol for LANs with sporadic but occasionally heavy traffic requirements. Success with that project attracted early attention and led to the 1980 joint development of the 10-Mbps Ethernet Version 1.0 specification by the three-company consortium: Digital Equipment Corporation, Intel Corporation, and Xerox Corporation.

The original IEEE 802.3 standard was based on, and was very similar to, the Ethernet Version 1.0 specification. The draft standard was approved by the 802.3 working group in 1983 and was subsequently published as an official standard in 1985 ANSI/IEEE Std. 802.3-1985. Since then, a number of supplements to the standard have been defined to take advantage of improvements in the technologies and to support additional network media and higher data rate capabilities, plus several new optional network access control features.

Throughout the rest of this article, the terms Ethernet and 802.3 will refer exclusively to network implementations compatible with the IEEE 802.3 standard.

Ethernet Network Elements

Ethernet LANs consist of network nodes and interconnecting media. The network nodes fall into two major classes:

Data terminal equipment DTE - Devices that are either the source or the destination of data frames. DTEs are typically devices such as PCs, workstations, file servers, or print servers that, as a group, are all often referred to as end stations.

Data communication equipment DCE - intermediate network devices that receive and forward frames across the network. DCEs may be either standalone devices such as repeaters, network switches, and routers, or communications interface units such as interface cards and modems.

Throughout this article, standalone intermediate network devices will be referred to as either intermediate nodes or DCEs. Network interface cards will be referred to as NICs.

The current Ethernet media options include two general types of copper cable: unshielded twisted-pair UTP and shielded twisted-pair STP, plus several types of optical fiber cable.

Ethernet Network Topologies and Structures

LANs take on many topological configurations, but regardless of their size or complexity, all will be a combination of only three basic interconnection structures or network building blocks.

The simplest structure is the point-to-point interconnection, shown in Figure: Example Point-to-Point Interconnection. Only two network units are involved, and the connection may be DTE-to-DTE, DTE-to-DCE, or DCE-to-DCE. The cable in point-to-point interconnections is known as a network link. The maximum allowable length of the link depends on the type of cable and the transmission method that is used.

Figure: Example Point-to-Point Interconnection

The original Ethernet networks were implemented with a coaxial bus structure, as shown in Figure: Example Coaxial Bus Topology. Segment lengths were limited to 500 meters, and up to 100 stations could be connected to a single segment. Individual segments could be interconnected with repeaters, as long as multiple paths did not exist between any two stations on the network and the number of DTEs did not exceed 1024. The total path distance between the most-distant pair of stations was also not allowed to exceed a maximum prescribed value.

Figure: Example Coaxial Bus Topology

Although new networks are no longer connected in a bus configuration, some older bus-connected networks do still exist and are still useful.

Since the early 1990s, the network configuration of choice has been the star-connected topology, shown in Figure: Example Star-Connected Topology. The central network unit is either a multiport repeater also known as a hub or a network switch. All connections in a star network are point-to-point links implemented with either twisted-pair or optical fiber cable.

Figure: Example Star-Connected Topology

The IEEE 802.3 Logical Relationship to the OSI Reference Model

Figure: Ethernet s Logical Relationship to the OSI Reference Model shows the IEEE 802.3 logical layers and their relationship to the OSI reference model. As with all IEEE 802 protocols, the OSI data link layer is divided into two IEEE 802 sublayers, the Media Access Control MAC sublayer and the MAC-client sublayer. The IEEE 802.3 physical layer corresponds to the OSI physical layer.

Figure: Ethernet s Logical Relationship to the OSI Reference Model

The MAC-client sublayer may be one of the following:

Logical Link Control LLC, if the unit is a DTE. This sublayer provides the interface between the Ethernet MAC and the upper layers in the protocol stack of the end station. The LLC sublayer is defined by IEEE 802.2 standards.

Bridge entity, if the unit is a DCE. Bridge entities provide LAN-to-LAN interfaces between LANs that use the same protocol for example, Ethernet to Ethernet and also between different protocols for example, Ethernet to Token Ring. Bridge entities are defined by IEEE 802.1 standards.

Because specifications for LLC and bridge entities are common for all IEEE 802 LAN protocols, network compatibility becomes the primary responsibility of the particular network protocol.

Figure: MAC and Physical Layer Compatibility Requirements for Basic Data Communication shows different compatibility requirements imposed by the MAC and physical levels for basic data communication over an Ethernet link.

Figure: MAC and Physical Layer Compatibility Requirements for Basic Data Communication

The MAC layer controls the node s access to the network media and is specific to the individual protocol. All IEEE 802.3 MACs must meet the same basic set of logical requirements, regardless of whether they include one or more of the defined optional protocol extensions. The only requirement for basic communication communication that does not require optional protocol extensions between two network nodes is that both MACs must support the same transmission rate.

The 802.3 physical layer is specific to the transmission data rate, the signal encoding, and the type of media interconnecting the two nodes. Gigabit Ethernet, for example, is defined to operate over either twisted-pair or optical fiber cable, but each specific type of cable or signal-encoding procedure requires a different physical layer implementation.

The Ethernet MAC Sublayer

The MAC sublayer has two primary responsibilities:

Data encapsulation, including frame assembly before transmission, and frame parsing/error detection during and after reception

Media access control, including initiation of frame transmission and recovery from transmission failure

The Basic Ethernet Frame Format

The IEEE 802.3 standard defines a basic data frame format that is required for all MAC implementations, plus several additional optional formats that are used to extend the protocol s basic capability. The basic data frame format contains the seven fields shown in Figure: The Basic IEEE 802.3 MAC Data Frame Format.

Preamble PRE - Consists of 7 bytes. The PRE is an alternating pattern of ones and zeros that tells receiving stations that a frame is coming, and that provides a means to synchronize the frame-reception portions of receiving physical layers with the incoming bit stream.

Start-of-frame delimiter SOF - Consists of 1 byte. The SOF is an alternating pattern of ones and zeros, ending with two consecutive 1-bits indicating that the next bit is the left-most bit in the left-most byte of the destination address.

Destination address DA - Consists of 6 bytes. The DA field identifies which station s should receive the frame. The left-most bit in the DA field indicates whether the address is an individual address indicated by a 0 or a group address indicated by a 1. The second bit from the left indicates whether the DA is globally administered indicated by a 0 or locally administered indicated by a 1. The remaining 46 bits are a uniquely assigned value that identifies a single station, a defined group of stations, or all stations on the network.

Source addresses SA - Consists of 6 bytes. The SA field identifies the sending station. The SA is always an individual address and the left-most bit in the SA field is always 0.

Length/Type - Consists of 2 bytes. This field indicates either the number of MAC-client data bytes that are contained in the data field of the frame, or the frame type ID if the frame is assembled using an optional format. If the Length/Type field value is less than or equal to 1500, the number of LLC bytes in the Data field is equal to the Length/Type field value. If the Length/Type field value is greater than 1536, the frame is an optional type frame, and the Length/Type field value identifies the particular type of frame being sent or received.

Data - Is a sequence of n bytes of any value, where n is less than or equal to 1500. If the length of the Data field is less than 46, the Data field must be extended by adding a filler a pad sufficient to bring the Data field length to 46 bytes.

Frame check sequence FCS - Consists of 4 bytes. This sequence contains a 32-bit cyclic redundancy check CRC value, which is created by the sending MAC and is recalculated by the receiving MAC to check for damaged frames. The FCS is generated over the DA, SA, Length/Type, and Data fields.

Figure: The Basic IEEE 802.3 MAC Data Frame Format

note:Individual addresses are also known as unicast addresses because they refer to a single MAC and are assigned by the NIC manufacturer from a block of addresses allocated by the IEEE. Group addresses a.k.a. multicast addresses identify the end stations in a workgroup and are assigned by the network manager. A special group address all 1s-the broadcast address indicates all stations on the network.

Frame Transmission

Whenever an end station MAC receives a transmit-frame request with the accompanying address and data information from the LLC sublayer, the MAC begins the transmission sequence by transferring the LLC information into the MAC frame buffer.

The preamble and start-of-frame delimiter are inserted in the PRE and SOF fields.

The destination and source addresses are inserted into the address fields.

The LLC data bytes are counted, and the number of bytes is inserted into the Length/Type field.

The LLC data bytes are inserted into the Data field. If the number of LLC data bytes is less than 46, a pad is added to bring the Data field length up to 46.

An FCS value is generated over the DA, SA, Length/Type, and Data fields and is appended to the end of the Data field.

After the frame is assembled, actual frame transmission will depend on whether the MAC is operating in half-duplex or full-duplex mode.

The IEEE 802.3 standard currently requires that all Ethernet MACs support half-duplex operation, in which the MAC can be either transmitting or receiving a frame, but it cannot be doing both simultaneously. Full-duplex operation is an optional MAC capability that allows the MAC to transmit and receive frames simultaneously.

Half-Duplex Transmission-The CSMA/CD Access Method

The CSMA/CD protocol was originally developed as a means by which two or more stations could share a common media in a switch-less environment when the protocol does not require central arbitration, access tokens, or assigned time slots to indicate when a station will be allowed to transmit. Each Ethernet MAC determines for itself when it will be allowed to send a frame.

The CSMA/CD access rules are summarized by the protocol s acronym:

Carrier sense - Each station continuously listens for traffic on the medium to determine when gaps between frame transmissions occur.

Multiple access - Stations may begin transmitting any time they detect that the network is quiet there is no traffic.

Collision detect - If two or more stations in the same CSMA/CD network collision domain begin transmitting at approximately the same time, the bit streams from the transmitting stations will interfere collide with each other, and both transmissions will be unreadable. If that happens, each transmitting station must be capable of detecting that a collision has occurred before it has finished sending its frame. Each must stop transmitting as soon as it has detected the collision and then must wait a quasirandom length of time determined by a back-off algorithm before attempting to retransmit the frame.

The worst-case situation occurs when the two most-distant stations on the network both need to send a frame and when the second station does not begin transmitting until just before the frame from the first station arrives. The collision will be detected almost immediately by the second station, but it will not be detected by the first station until the corrupted signal has propagated all the way back to that station. The maximum time that is required to detect a collision the collision window, or slot time is approximately equal to twice the signal propagation time between the two most-distant stations on the network.

This means that both the minimum frame length and the maximum collision diameter are directly related to the slot time. Longer minimum frame lengths translate to longer slot times and larger collision diameters; shorter minimum frame lengths correspond to shorter slot times and smaller collision diameters.

The trade-off was between the need to reduce the impact of collision recovery and the need for network diameters to be large enough to accommodate reasonable network sizes. The compromise was to choose a maximum network diameter about 2500 meters and then to set the minimum frame length long enough to ensure detection of all worst-case collisions.

The compromise worked well for 10 Mbps, but it was a problem for higher data-rate Ethernet developers. Fast Ethernet was required to provide backward compatibility with earlier Ethernet networks, including the existing IEEE 802.3 frame format and error-detection procedures, plus all applications and networking software running on the 10-Mbps networks.

Although signal propagation velocity is essentially constant for all transmission rates, the time required to transmit a frame is inversely related to the transmission rate. At 100 Mbps, a minimum-length frame can be transmitted in approximately one-tenth of the defined slot time, and any collision that occurred during the transmission would not likely be detected by the transmitting stations. This, in turn, meant that the maximum network diameters specified for 10-Mbps networks could not be used for 100-Mbps networks. The solution for Fast Ethernet was to reduce the maximum network diameter by approximately a factor of 10 to a little more than 200 meters.

The same problem also arose during specification development for Gigabit Ethernet, but decreasing network diameters by another factor of 10 to approximately 20 meters for 1000-Mbps operation was simply not practical. This time, the developers elected to maintain approximately the same maximum collision domain diameters as 100-Mbps networks and to increase the apparent minimum frame size by adding a variable-length nondata extension field to frames that are shorter than the minimum length the extension field is removed during frame reception.

Figure: MAC Frame with Gigabit Carrier Extension shows the MAC frame format with the gigabit extension field, and the following table shows the effect of the trade-off between the transmission data rate and the minimum frame size for 10-Mbps, 100-Mbps, and 1000-Mbps Ethernet.

Figure: MAC Frame with Gigabit Carrier Extension

Table: Limits for Half-Duplex Operation

Parameter

10 Mbps

100 Mbps

1000 Mbps

Minimum frame size

64 bytes

520 bytes with extension field added

Maximum collision diameter, DTE to DTE

100 meters UTP

412 meters fiber

316 meters fiber

Maximum collision diameter with repeaters

2500 meters

205 meters

200 meters

Maximum number of repeaters in network path

Note: 520 bytes applies to 1000Base-T implementations. The minimum frame size with extension field for 1000Base-X is reduced to 416 bytes because 1000Base-X encodes and transmits 10 bits for each byte.

Another change to the Ethernet CSMA/CD transmit specification was the addition of frame bursting for gigabit operation. Burst mode is a feature that allows a MAC to send a short sequence a burst of frames equal to approximately 5.4 maximum-length frames without having to relinquish control of the medium. The transmitting MAC fills each interframe interval with extension bits, as shown in Figure: A Gigabit Frame-Burst Sequence, so that other stations on the network will see that the network is busy and will not attempt transmission until after the burst is complete.

Figure: A Gigabit Frame-Burst Sequence

If the length of the first frame is less than the minimum frame length, an extension field is added to extend the frame length to the value indicated in Table: Limits for Half-Duplex Operation. Subsequent frames in a frame-burst sequence do not need extension fields, and a frame burst may continue as long as the burst limit has not been reached. If the burst limit is reached after a frame transmission has begun, transmission is allowed to continue until that entire frame has been sent.

Frame extension fields are not defined, and burst mode is not allowed for 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps transmission rates.

Full-Duplex Transmission-An Optional Approach to Higher Network Efficiency

Full-duplex operation is an optional MAC capability that allows simultaneous two-way transmission over point-to-point links. Full duplex transmission is functionally much simpler than half-duplex transmission because it involves no media contention, no collisions, no need to schedule retransmissions, and no need for extension bits on the end of short frames. The result is not only more time available for transmission, but also an effective doubling of the link bandwidth because each link can now support full-rate, simultaneous, two-way transmission.

Transmission can usually begin as soon as frames are ready to send. The only restriction is that there must be a minimum-length interframe gap between successive frames, as shown in Figure: Full Duplex Operation Allows Simultaneous Two-Way Transmission on the Same Link, and each frame must conform to Ethernet frame format standards.

Figure: Full Duplex Operation Allows Simultaneous Two-Way Transmission on the Same Link

Flow Control

Full-duplex operation requires concurrent implementation of the optional flow-control capability that allows a receiving node such as a network switch port that is becoming congested to request the sending node such as a file server to stop sending frames for a selected short period of time. Control is MAC-to-MAC through the use of a pause frame that is automatically generated by the receiving MAC. If the congestion is relieved before the requested wait has expired, a second pause frame with a zero time-to-wait value can be sent to request resumption of transmission. An overview of the flow control operation is shown in Figure: An Overview of the IEEE 802.3 Flow Control Sequence.

Figure: An Overview of the IEEE 802.3 Flow Control Sequence

The full-duplex operation and its companion flow control capability are both options for all Ethernet MACs and all transmission rates. Both options are enabled on a link-by-link basis, assuming that the associated physical layers are also capable of supporting full-duplex operation.

Pause frames are identified as MAC control frames by an exclusive assigned reserved length/type value. They are also assigned a reserved destination address value to ensure that an incoming pause frame is never forwarded to upper protocol layers or to other ports in a switch.

Frame Reception

Frame reception is essentially the same for both half-duplex and full-duplex operations, except that full-duplex MACs must have separate frame buffers and data paths to allow for simultaneous frame transmission and reception.

Frame reception is the reverse of frame transmission. The destination address of the received frame is checked and matched against the station s address list its MAC address, its group addresses, and the broadcast address to determine whether the frame is destined for that station. If an address match is found, the frame length is checked and the received FCS is compared to the FCS that was generated during frame reception. If the frame length is okay and there is an FCS match, the frame type is determined by the contents of the Length/Type field. The frame is then parsed and forwarded to the appropriate upper layer.

The VLAN Tagging Option

VLAN tagging is a MAC option that provides three important capabilities not previously available to Ethernet network users and network managers:

Provides a means to expedite time-critical network traffic by setting transmission priorities for outgoing frames.

Allows stations to be assigned to logical groups, to communicate across multiple LANs as though they were on a single LAN. Bridges and switches filter destination addresses and forward VLAN frames only to ports that serve the VLAN to which the traffic belongs.

Simplifies network management and makes adds, moves, and changes easier to administer.

A VLAN-tagged frame is simply a basic MAC data frame that has had a 4-byte VLAN header inserted between the SA and Length/Type fields, as shown in Figure: VLAN-Tagged Frames Are Identified When the MAC Finds the LAN Type Value in the Normal Length/Type Field Location.

Figure: VLAN-Tagged Frames Are Identified When the MAC Finds the LAN Type Value in the Normal Length/Type Field Location

The VLAN header consists of two fields:

A reserved 2-byte type value, indicating that the frame is a VLAN frame

A two-byte Tag-Control field that contains both the transmission priority 0 to 7, where 7 is the highest and a VLAN ID that identifies the particular VLAN over which the frame is to be sent

The receiving MAC reads the reserved type value, which is located in the normal Length/Type field position, and interprets the received frame as a VLAN frame. Then the following occurs:

If the MAC is installed in a switch port, the frame is forwarded according to its priority level to all ports that are associated with the indicated VLAN identifier.

If the MAC is installed in an end station, it removes the 4-byte VLAN header and processes the frame in the same manner as a basic data frame.

VLAN tagging requires that all network nodes involved with a VLAN group be equipped with the VLAN option.

The Ethernet Physical Layers

Because Ethernet devices implement only the bottom two layers of the OSI protocol stack, they are typically implemented as network interface cards NICs that plug into the host device s motherboard. The different NICs are identified by a three-part product name that is based on the physical layer attributes.

The naming convention is a concatenation of three terms indicating the transmission rate, the transmission method, and the media type/signal encoding. For example, consider this:

10Base-T 10 Mbps, baseband, over two twisted-pair cables

100Base-T2 100 Mbps, baseband, over two twisted-pair cables

100Base-T4 100 Mbps, baseband, over four-twisted pair cables

1000Base-LX 100 Mbps, baseband, long wavelength over optical fiber cable

A question sometimes arises as to why the middle term always seems to be Base. Early versions of the protocol also allowed for broadband transmission for example, 10Broad, but broadband implementations were not successful in the marketplace. All current Ethernet implementations use baseband transmission.

Encoding for Signal Transmission

In baseband transmission, the frame information is directly impressed upon the link as a sequence of pulses or data symbols that are typically attenuated reduced in size and distorted changed in shape before they reach the other end of the link. The receiver s task is to detect each pulse as it arrives and then to extract its correct value before transferring the reconstructed information to the receiving MAC.

Filters and pulse-shaping circuits can help restore the size and shape of the received waveforms, but additional measures must be taken to ensure that the received signals are sampled at the correct time in the pulse period and at same rate as the transmit clock:

The receive clock must be recovered from the incoming data stream to allow the receiving physical layer to synchronize with the incoming pulses.

Compensating measures must be taken for a transmission effect known as baseline wander.

Clock recovery requires level transitions in the incoming signal to identify and synchronize on pulse boundaries. The alternating 1s and 0s of the frame preamble were designed both to indicate that a frame was arriving and to aid in clock recovery. However, recovered clocks can drift and possibly lose synchronization if pulse levels remain constant and there are no transitions to detect for example, during long strings of 0s.

Baseline wander results because Ethernet links are AC-coupled to the transceivers and because AC coupling is incapable of maintaining voltage levels for more than a short time. As a result, transmitted pulses are distorted by a droop effect similar to the exaggerated example shown in Figure: A Concept Example of Baseline Wander. In long strings of either 1s or 0s, the droop can become so severe that the voltage level passes through the decision threshold, resulting in erroneous sampled values for the affected pulses.

Figure: A Concept Example of Baseline Wander

Fortunately, encoding the outgoing signal before transmission can significantly reduce the effect of both these problems, as well as reduce the possibility of transmission errors. Early Ethernet implementations, up to and including 10Base-T, all used the Manchester encoding method, shown in Figure: Transition-Based Manchester Binary Encoding. Each pulse is clearly identified by the direction of the midpulse transition rather than by its sampled level value.

Figure: Transition-Based Manchester Binary Encoding

Unfortunately, Manchester encoding introduces some difficult frequency-related problems that make it unsuitable for use at higher data rates. Ethernet versions subsequent to 10Base-T all use different encoding procedures that include some or all of the following techniques:

Using data scrambling - A procedure that scrambles the bits in each byte in an orderly and recoverable manner. Some 0s are changed to 1s, some 1s are changed to 0s, and some bits are left the same. The result is reduced run-length of same-value bits, increased transition density, and easier clock recovery.

Expanding the code space - A technique that allows assignment of separate codes for data and control symbols such as start-of-stream and end-of-stream delimiters, extension bits, and so on and that assists in transmission error detection.

Using forward error-correcting codes - An encoding in which redundant information is added to the transmitted data stream so that some types of transmission errors can be corrected during frame reception.

Note: Forward error-correcting codes are used in 1000Base-T to achieve an effective reduction in the bit error rate. Ethernet protocol limits error handling to detection of bit errors in the received frame. Recovery of frames received with uncorrectable errors or missing frames is the responsibility of higher layers in the protocol stack.

The 802.3 Physical Layer Relationship to the ISO Reference Model

Although the specific logical model of the physical layer may vary from version to version, all Ethernet NICs generally conform to the generic model shown in Figure: The Generic Ethernet Physical Layer Reference Model:

Figure: The Generic Ethernet Physical Layer Reference Model

The physical layer for each transmission rate is divided into sublayers that are independent of the particular media type and sublayers that are specific to the media type or signal encoding.

The reconciliation sublayer and the optional media-independent interface MII in 10-Mbps and 100-Mbps Ethernet, GMII in Gigabit Ethernet provide the logical connection between the MAC and the different sets of media-dependent layers. The MII and GMII are defined with separate transmit and receive data paths that are bit-serial for 10-Mbps implementations, nibble-serial 4 bits wide for 100-Mbps implementations, and byte-serial 8 bits wide for 1000-Mbps implementations. The media-independent interfaces and the reconciliation sublayer are common for their respective transmission rates and are configured for full-duplex operation in 10Base-T and all subsequent Ethernet versions.

The media-dependent physical coding sublayer PCS provides the logic for encoding, multiplexing, and synchronization of the outgoing symbol streams as well symbol code alignment, demultiplexing, and decoding of the incoming data.

The physical medium attachment PMA sublayer contains the signal transmitters and receivers transceivers, as well as the clock recovery logic for the received data streams.

The medium-dependent interface MDI is the cable connector between the signal transceivers and the link.

The Auto-negotiation sublayer allows the NICs at each end of the link to exchange information about their individual capabilities, and then to negotiate and select the most favorable operational mode that they both are capable of supporting. Auto-negotiation is optional in early Ethernet implementations and is mandatory in later versions.

Depending on which type of signal encoding is used and how the links are configured, the PCS and PMA may or may not be capable of supporting full-duplex operation.

10-Mbps Ethernet-10Base-T

10Base-T provides Manchester-encoded 10-Mbps bit-serial communication over two unshielded twisted-pair cables. Although the standard was designed to support transmission over common telephone cable, the more typical link configuration is to use two pair of a four-pair Category 3 or 5 cable, terminated at each NIC with an 8-pin RJ-45 connector the MDI, as shown in Figure: The Typical 10Base-T Link Is a Four-Pair UTP Cable in Which Two Pairs Are Not Used pair is configured as a simplex link where transmission is in one direction only, the 10Base-T physical layers can support either half-duplex or full-duplex operation.

Figure: The Typical 10Base-T Link Is a Four-Pair UTP Cable in Which Two Pairs Are Not Used

Although 10Base-T may be considered essentially obsolete in some circles, it is included here because there are still many 10Base-T Ethernet networks, and because full-duplex operation has given 10BaseT an extended life.

10Base-T was also the first Ethernet version to include a link integrity test to determine the health of the link. Immediately after powerup, the PMA transmits a normal link pulse NLP to tell the NIC at the other end of the link that this NIC wants to establish an active link connection:

If the NIC at the other end of the link is also powered up, it responds with its own NLP.

If the NIC at the other end of the link is not powered up, this NIC continues sending an NLP about once every 16 ms until it receives a response.

The link is activated only after both NICs are capable of exchanging valid NLPs.

100 Mbps-Fast Ethernet

Increasing the Ethernet transmission rate by a factor of ten over 10Base-T was not a simple task, and the effort resulted in the development of three separate physical layer standards for 100 Mbps over UTP cable: 100Base-TX and 100Base-T4 in 1995, and 100Base-T2 in 1997. Each was defined with different encoding requirements and a different set of media-dependent sublayers, even though there is some overlap in the link cabling.

Table: Summary of 100Base-T Physical Layer Characteristics compares the physical layer characteristics of 10Base-T to the various 100Base versions.

Table: Summary of 100Base-T Physical Layer Characteristics

Ethernet Version

Transmit Symbol Rate

Encoding

Cabling

Full-Duplex Operation

10Base-T

10 MBd

Manchester

Two pairs of UTP Category -3 or better

Supported

100Base-TX

125 MBd

4B/5B

Two pairs of UTP Category -5 or Type 1 STP

100Base-T4

33 MBd

8B/6T

Four pairs of UTP Category -3 or better

Not supported

100Base-T2

25 MBd

PAM5x5

Note: One baud is equal to one transmitted symbol per second, where the transmitted symbol may contain the equivalent value of 1 or more binary bits.

Although not all three 100-Mbps versions were successful in the marketplace, all three have been discussed in the literature, and all three did impact future designs. As such, all three are important to consider here.

100Base-X

100Base-X was designed to support transmission over either two pairs of Category 5 UTP copper wire or two strands of optical fiber. Although the encoding, decoding, and clock recovery procedures are the same for both media, the signal transmission is different-electrical pulses in copper and light pulses in optical fiber. The signal transceivers that were included as part of the PMA function in the generic logical model of the following figure were redefined as the separate physical media-dependent PMD sublayers shown in Figure: The 100Base-X Logical Model.

Figure: The 100Base-X Logical Model

The 100Base-X encoding procedure is based on the earlier FDDI optical fiber physical media-dependent and FDDI/CDDI copper twisted-pair physical media-dependent signaling standards developed by ISO and ANSI. The 100Base-TX physical media-dependent sublayer TP-PMD was implemented with CDDI semiconductor transceivers and RJ-45 connectors; the fiber PMD was implemented with FDDI optical transceivers and the Low Cost Fibre Interface Connector commonly called the duplex SC connector.

The 4B/5B encoding procedure is the same as the encoding procedure used by FDDI, with only minor adaptations to accommodate Ethernet frame control. Each 4-bit data nibble representing half of a data byte is mapped into a 5-bit binary code-group that is transmitted bit-serial over the link. The expanded code space provided by the 32 5-bit code-groups allow separate assignment for the following:

The 16 possible values in a 4-bit data nibble 16 code-groups.

Four control code-groups that are transmitted as code-group pairs to indicate the start-of-stream delimiter SSD and the end-of-stream delimiter ESD. Each MAC frame is encapsulated to mark both the beginning and end of the frame. The first byte of preamble is replaced with SSD code-group pair that precisely identifies the frame s code-group boundaries. The ESD code-group pair is appended after the frame s FCS field.

A special IDLE code-group that is continuously sent during interframe gaps to maintain continuous synchronization between the NICs at each end of the link. The receipt of IDLE is interpreted to mean that the link is quiet.

Eleven invalid code-groups that are not intentionally transmitted by a NIC although one is used by a repeater to propagate receive errors. Receipt of any invalid code-group will cause the incoming frame to be treated as an invalid frame.

Figure: The 100Base-X Code-Group Stream with Frame Encapsulation shows how a MAC frame is encapsulated before being transmitted as a 100Base-X code-group stream.

Figure: The 100Base-X Code-Group Stream with Frame Encapsulation

100Base-TX transmits and receives on the same link pairs and uses the same pin assignments on the MDI as 10Base-T. 100Base-TX and 100Base-FX both support half-duplex and full-duplex transmission.

100Base-T4

100Base-T4 was developed to allow 10BaseT networks to be upgraded to 100-Mbps operation without requiring existing four-pair Category 3 UTP cables to be replaced with the newer Category 5 cables. Two of the four pairs are configured for half-duplex operation and can support transmission in either direction, but only in one direction at a time. The other two pairs are configured as simplex pairs dedicated to transmission in one direction only. Frame transmission uses both half-duplex pairs, plus the simplex pair that is appropriate for the transmission direction, as shown in Figure: The 100Base-T4 Wire-Pair Usage During Frame Transmission. The simplex pair for the opposite direction provides carrier sense and collision detection. Full-duplex operation cannot be supported on 100Base-T4.

Figure: The 100Base-T4 Wire-Pair Usage During Frame Transmission

100Base-T4 uses an 8B6T encoding scheme in which each 8-bit binary byte is mapped into a pattern of six ternary three-level: 1, 0, -1 symbols known as 6T code-groups. Separate 6T code-groups are used for IDLE and for the control code-groups that are necessary for frame transmission. IDLE received on the dedicated receive pair indicates that the link is quiet.

During frame transmission, 6T data code-groups are transmitted in a delayed round-robin sequence over the three transmit wire-pairs, as shown in Figure: The 100Base-T4 Frame Transmission Sequence. Each frame is encapsulated with start-of-stream and end-of-packet 6T code-groups that mark both the beginning and end of the frame, and the beginning and end of the 6T code-group stream on each wire pair. Receipt of a non-IDLE code-group over the dedicated receive-pair any time before the collision window expires indicates that a collision has occurred.

Figure: The 100Base-T4 Frame Transmission Sequence

100Base-T2

The 100Base-T2 specification was developed as a better alternative for upgrading networks with installed Category 3 cabling than was being provided by 100Base-T4. Two important new goals were defined:

To provide communication over two pairs of Category 3 or better cable

To support both half-duplex and full-duplex operation

100Base-T2 uses a different signal transmission procedure than any previous twisted-pair Ethernet implementations. Instead of using two simplex links to form one full-duplex link, the 100Base-T2 dual-duplex baseband transmission method sends encoded symbols simultaneously in both directions on both wire pairs, as shown in Figure: The 100Base-T2 Link Topology. The term TDX indicates the 2 most significant bits in the nibble before encoding and transmission. RDX indicates the same 2 bits after receipt and decoding.

Figure: The 100Base-T2 Link Topology

Dual-duplex baseband transmission requires the NICs at each end of the link to be operated in a master/slave loop-timing mode. Which NIC will be master and which will be slave is determined by autonegotiation during link initiation. When the link is operational, synchronization is based on the master NIC s internal transmit clock. The slave NIC uses the recovered clock for both transmit and receive operations, as shown in Figure: The 100Base-T2 Loop Timing Configuration. Each transmitted frame is encapsulated, and link synchronization is maintained with a continuous stream of IDLE symbols during interframe gaps.

Figure: The 100Base-T2 Loop Timing Configuration

The 100Base-T2 encoding process first scrambles the data frame nibbles to randomize the bit sequence. It then maps the two upper bits and the two lower bits of each nibble into two five-level 2, 1, 0, -1, -2 pulse amplitude-modulated PAM5 symbols that are simultaneously transmitted over the two wire pairs PAM5x5. Different scrambling procedures for master and slave transmissions ensure that the data streams traveling in opposite directions on the same wire pair are uncoordinated.

Signal reception is essentially the reverse of signal transmission. Because the signal on each wire pair at the MDI is the sum of the transmitted signal and the received signal, each receiver subtracts the transmitted symbols from the signal received at the MDI to recover the symbols in the incoming data stream. The incoming symbol pair is then decoded, unscrambled, and reconstituted as a data nibble for transfer to the MAC.

1000 Mbps-Gigabit Ethernet

The Gigabit Ethernet standards development resulted in two primary specifications: 1000Base-T for UTP copper cable and 1000Base-X STP copper cable, as well as single and multimode optical fiber see Figure: Gigabit Ethernet Variations.

Figure 7-22 Gigabit Ethernet Variations

1000Base-T

1000Base-T Ethernet provides full-duplex transmission over four-pair Category 5 or better UTP cable. 1000Base-T is based largely on the findings and design approaches that led to the development of the Fast Ethernet physical layer implementations:

100Base-TX proved that binary symbol streams could be successfully transmitted over Category 5 UTP cable at 125 MBd.

100Base-T4 provided a basic understanding of the problems related to sending multilevel signals over four wire pairs.

100Base-T2 proved that PAM5 encoding, coupled with digital signal processing, could handle both simultaneous two-way data streams and potential crosstalk problems resulting from alien signals on adjacent wire pairs.

1000Base-T scrambles each byte in the MAC frame to randomize the bit sequence before it is encoded using a 4-D, 8-State Trellis Forward Error Correction FEC coding in which four PAM5 symbols are sent at the same time over four wire pairs. Four of the five levels in each PAM5 symbol represent 2 bits in the data byte. The fifth level is used for FEC coding, which enhances symbol recovery in the presence of noise and crosstalk. Separate scramblers for the master and slave PHYs create essentially uncorrelated data streams between the two opposite-travelling symbol streams on each wire pair.

The1000Base-T link topology is shown in Figure: The 1000Base-T Link Topology. The term TDX indicates the 2 most significant bits in the data byte before encoding and transmission. RDX indicates the same 2 bits after receipt and decoding.

Figure: The 1000Base-T Link Topology

The clock recovery and master/slave loop timing procedures are essentially the same as those used in 100Base-T2 see Figure: 1000Base-T Master/Slave Loop Timing Configuration. Which NIC will be master typically the NIC in a multiport intermediate network node and which will be slave is determined during autonegotiation.

Figure: 1000Base-T Master/Slave Loop Timing Configuration

Each transmitted frame is encapsulated with start-of-stream and end-of-stream delimiters, and loop timing is maintained by continuous streams of IDLE symbols sent on each wire pair during interframe gaps. 1000Base-T supports both half-duplex and full-duplex operation.

1000Base-X

All three 1000Base-X versions support full-duplex binary transmission at 1250 Mbps over two strands of optical fiber or two STP copper wire-pairs, as shown in Figure: 1000Base-X Link Configuration. Transmission coding is based on the ANSI Fibre Channel 8B/10B encoding scheme. Each 8-bit data byte is mapped into a 10-bit code-group for bit-serial transmission. Like earlier Ethernet versions, each data frame is encapsulated at the physical layer before transmission, and link synchronization is maintained by sending a continuous stream of IDLE code-groups during interframe gaps. All 1000Base-X physical layers support both half-duplex and full-duplex operation.

Figure: 1000Base-X Link Configuration

The principal differences among the 1000Base-X versions are the link media and connectors that the particular versions will support and, in the case of optical media, the wavelength of the optical signal see Table: 1000Base-X Link Configuration Support.

Table: 1000Base-X Link Configuration Support

Link Configuration

1000Base-CX

1000Base-SX 850 nm Wavelength

1000Base-LX 1300 nm Wavelength

150 Ω STP copper

125/62.5 µm multimode optical fiber

125/50 µm multimode optical fiber

125/10 µm single mode optical fiber

Allowed connectors

IEC style 1 or Fibre Channel style 2

SFF MT-RJ or Duplex SC

The 125/62.5 µm specification refers to the cladding and core diameters of the optical fiber.

Network Cabling-Link Crossover Requirements

Link compatibility requires that the transmitters at each end of the link be connected to the receivers at the other end of the link. However, because cable connectors at both ends of the link are keyed the same, the conductors must cross over at some point to ensure that transmitter outputs are always connected to receiver inputs.

Unfortunately, when this requirement first came up in the development of 10Base-T, IEEE 802.3 chose not to make a hard rule as to whether the crossover should be implemented in the cable as shown in Figure: Alternative Ways for Implementing the Link Crossover Requirement a or whether it should be implemented internally as shown in Figure: Alternative Ways for Implementing the Link Crossover Requirement b.

Figure: Alternative Ways for Implementing the Link Crossover Requirement

Instead, IEEE 802.3 defined two rules and made two recommendations:

There must be an odd number of crossovers in all multiconductor links.

If a PMD is equipped with an internal crossover, its MDI must be clearly labeled with the graphical X symbol.

Implementation of an internal crossover function is optional.

When a DTE is connected to a repeater or switch DCE port, it is recommended that the crossover be implemented within the DCE port.

The eventual result was that ports in most DCEs were equipped with PMDs that contained internal crossover circuitry and that DTEs had PMDs without internal crossovers. This led to the following oft-quoted de facto installation rule:

Use a straight-through cable when connecting DTE to DCE. Use a crossover cable when connecting DTE to DTE or DCE to DCE.

Unfortunately, the de facto rule does not apply to all Ethernet versions that have been developed subsequent to 10Base-T. As things now stand, the following is true:

All fiber-based systems use cables that have the crossover implemented within the cable.

All 100Base systems using twisted-pair links use the same rules and recommendations as 10Base-T.

1000Base-T NICs may implement a selectable internal crossover option that can be negotiated and enabled during autonegotiation. When the selectable crossover option is not implemented, 10Base-T rules and recommendations apply.

System Considerations

Given all the choices discussed previously, it might seem that it would be no problem to upgrade an existing network or to plan a new network. The problem is twofold. Not all the choices are reasonable for all networks, and not all Ethernet versions and options are available in the market, even though they may have been specified in the standard.

Choosing UTP-Based Components and Media Category

By now, it should be obvious that UTP-based NICs are available for 10-Mbps, 100-Mbps, and 1000-Mbps implementations. The choice is relatively simple for both 10-Mbps and 1000-Mbps operation: 10Base-T and 1000Base-T. From the previous discussions, however, it would not seem to be that simple for 100-Mbps implementations.

Although three UTP-based NICs are defined for 100 Mbps, the market has effectively narrowed the choice to just 100Base-TX, which became widely available during the first half of 1995:

By the time 100Base-T4 products first appeared on the market, 100Base-TX was well entrenched, and development of the full-duplex option, which 100Base-T4 could not support, was well underway.

The 100Base-T2 standard was not approved until spring 1997, too late to interest the marketplace. As a result, 100Base-T2 products were not even manufactured.

Several choices have also been specified for UTP media: Category 3, 4, 5, or 5E. The differences are cable cost and transmission rate capability, both of which increase with the category numbers. However, current transmission rate requirements and cable cost should not be the deciding factors in choosing which cable category to install. To allow for future transmission rate needs, cables lower than Category 5 should not even be considered, and if gigabit rates are a possible future need, Category 5E should be seriously considered:

Installation labor costs are essentially constant for all types of UTP four-pair cable.

Labor costs for upgrading installed cable removing the existing and installing new are typically greater than the cost of the original installation.

UTP cable is backward-compatible. Higher-category cable will support lower-category NICs, but not vice versa.

The physical life of UTP cable decades is much longer than the useable life of the connected equipment.

Auto-negotiation-An Optional Method for Automatically Configuring Link Operational Modes

The purpose of autonegotiation is to find a way for two NICs that share a UTP link to communicate with each other, regardless of whether they both implemented the same Ethernet version or option set.

Autonegotiation is performed totally within the physical layers during link initiation, without any additional overhead either to the MAC or to higher protocol layers. Autonegotiation allows UTP-based NICs to do the following:

Advertise their Ethernet version and any optional capabilities to the NIC at the other end of the link

Acknowledge receipt and understanding of the operational modes that both NICs share

Reject any operational modes that are not shared

Configure each NIC for highest-level operational mode that both NICs can support

Autonegotiation is specified as an option for 10Base-T, 100Base-TX, and 100Base-T4, but it is required for 100Base-T2 and 1000Base-T implementations.

Table: The Defined Autonegotiation Selection Levels for UTP NICs lists the defined selection priority levels highest level top priority for UTP-based Ethernet NICs.

Table: The Defined Autonegotiation Selection Levels for UTP NICs

Selection Level

Operational Mode

Maximum Total Data Transfer Rate Mbps

1000Base-T full-duplex

2000

1000Base-T half-duplex

1000

100Base-T2 full-duplex

200

100Base-TX full-duplex

100Base-T2 half-duplex

100

100Base-T4 half-duplex

100Base-TX half-duplex

10Base-T full-duplex

10Base-T half-duplex

Note: Because full-duplex operation allows simultaneous two-way transmission, the maximum total transfer rate for full-duplex operation is double the half-duplex transmission rate.

The autonegotiation function in UTP-based NICs uses a modified 10Base-T link integrity pulse sequence in which the NLPs are replaced by bursts of fast link pulses FLPs, as shown in Figure: Autonegotiation FLP Bursts Replace NLPs During Link Initiation. Each FLP burst is an alternating clock/data sequence in which the data bits in the burst identify the operational modes supported by the transmitting NIC and also provide information used by the autonegotiation handshake mechanism. If the NIC at the other end of the link is a compatible NIC but does not have autonegotiation capability, a parallel detection function still allows it to be recognized. A NIC that fails to respond to FLP bursts and returns only NLPs is treated as a 10Base-T half-duplex NIC.

Figure: Autonegotiation FLP Bursts Replace NLPs During Link Initiation

At first glance, it may appear that the autonegotiation process would always select the mode supported by the NIC with the lessor capability, which would be the case if both NICs use the same encoding procedures and link configuration. For example, if both NICs are 100Base-TX but only one supports full-duplex operation, the negotiated operational mode will be half-duplex 100Base-TX. Unfortunately, the different 100Base versions are not compatible with each other at 100 Mbps, and a 100Base-TX full-duplex NIC would autonegotiate with a 100Base-T4 NIC to operate in 10Base-T half-duplex mode.

Autonegotiation in 1000Base-X NICs is similar to autonegotiation in UTP-based systems, except that it currently applies only to compatible 1000Base-X devices and is currently constrained to negotiate only half-duplex or full-duplex operation and flow control direction.

Network Switches Provide a Second, and Often Better, Alternative to Higher Link Speeds in CSMA/CD Network Upgrades

Competitively priced network switches became available on the market shortly after the mid-1990s and essentially made network repeaters obsolete for large networks. Although repeaters can accept only one frame at a time and then send it to all active ports except the port on which it is being received, switches are equipped with the following:

MAC-based ports with I/O frame buffers that effectively isolate the port from traffic being sent at the same time to or from other ports on the switch

Multiple internal data paths that allow several frames to be transferred between different ports at the same time

These may seem like small differences, but they produce a major effect in network operation. Because each port provides access to a high-speed network bridge the switch, the collision domain in the network is reduced to a series of small domains in which the number of participants is reduced to two-the switch port and the connected NIC see Figure: Replacing the Network Repeaters with Switches Reduces the Collision Domains to Two NICs Each. Furthermore, because each participant is now in a private collision domain, his or her available bandwidth has not only been markedly increased, it was also done without having to change the link speed.

Consider, for example, a 48-station workgroup with a couple of large file servers and several network printers on a 100-Mbps CSMA/CD network. The average available bandwidth, not counting interframe gaps and collision recovery, would be 100/50 2 Mbps network print servers do not generate network traffic. On the other hand, if the same workgroup were still on a 10Base-T network in which the repeaters had been replaced with network switches, the bandwidth available to each user would be 10 Mbps.

Clearly, network configuration is as important as raw link speed.

Note: To ensure that each end station will be capable of communicating at full rate, the network switches should be nonsaturating be capable of accepting and transferring data at the full rate from each port simultaneously.

Multispeed NICs

Auto-negotiation opened the door to the development of low-cost, multispeed NICs that, for example, support both half- and full-duplex operation under either 100Base-TX or 10Base-T signaling procedures. Multispeed NICs allow staged network upgrades in which the 10Base-T half-duplex end stations can be connected to 100Base-TX full-duplex switch ports without requiring the NIC in the PC to be changed. Then, as more bandwidth is needed for individual PCs, the NICs in those PCs can be upgraded to 100Base-TX full-duplex mode.

Figure: Replacing the Network Repeaters with Switches Reduces the Collision Domains to Two NICs Each

Choosing 1000Base-X Components and Media

Although the above table shows that there is considerable flexibility of choice in the 1000Base-X link media, there is not total flexibility. Some choices are preferred over others:

NICs at both ends of the link must be the same 1000Base-X version CX, LX, or SX, and the link connectors must match the NIC connectors.

The 1000Base-CX specification allows either style 1 or style 2 connectors, but style 2 is preferred because some style 1 connectors are not suitable for operation at 1250 Mbps. 1000Base-CX links are intended for patch-cord use within a communications closet and are limited to 25 meters.

The 1000Base-LX and 1000Base-SX specifications allow either the small form factor SFF MT-RJ or the larger duplex SC connectors. Because SFF MT-RJ connectors are only about half as large as duplex SC connectors, and because space is a premium, it follows that SFF MT-RJ connectors may become the predominant connector.

1000Base-LX transceivers generally cost more than 1000Base-SX transceivers.

The maximum operating range for optical fibers depends on both the transmission wavelength and the modal bandwidth MHz.km rating of the fiber. See Table: Maximum Operating Ranges for Common Optical Fibers.

Table: Maximum Operating Ranges for Common Optical Fibers

Fiber Core Diameter/Modal Bandwidth

1000Base-SX

850 nm Wavelength

1000Base-LX

1300 nm Wavelength

62.5 µ m multimode fiber 200/500 MHz.km

275 meters

550 meters

50 µ m multimode fiber 400/400 MHz.km

500 meters

50 µ m multimode fiber 500/500 MHz.km

10 µ m single-mode fiber

5000 meters

Note: 1000Base-LX transceivers may also require use of an offset-launch, mode-conditioning patch cord when coupling to some existing multimode fibers.

The operating ranges shown in the above table are those specified in the IEEE 802.3 standard. In practice, however, the maximum operating range for LX transceivers over 62.5 µ m multimode fiber is approximately 700 meters, and some LX transceivers have been qualified to support a 10,000-meter operating range over single-mode fiber.

Multiple-Rate Ethernet Networks

Given the opportunities shown by the example in the previous sections, it is not surprising that most large Ethernet networks are now implemented with a mix of transmission rates and link media, as shown in the cable model in Figure: An Example Multirate Network Topology the ISO/IEC 11801 Cable Model.

Figure: An Example Multirate Network Topology the ISO/IEC 11801 Cable Model

The ISO/IEC 11801 cable model is the network model on which the IEEE 802.3 standards are based:

Campus distributor - The term campus refers to a facility with two or more buildings in a relatively small area. This is the central point of the campus backbone and the telecom connection point with the outside world. In Ethernet LANs, the campus distributor would typically be a gigabit switch with telecom interface capability.

Building distributor - This is the building s connection point to the campus backbone. An Ethernet building distributor would typically be a 1000/100- or 1000/100/10-Mbps switch.

Floor distributor - This is the floor s connection point to the building distributor. ISO/IEC 11801 recommends at least one floor distributor for every 1000 m2 of floor space in office environments, and, if possible, a separate distributor for each floor in the building. An Ethernet floor distributor would typically be a 1000/100/10- or 100/10-Mbps switch.

Telecom outlet - This is the network connection point for PCs, workstations, and print servers. File servers are typically colocated with and directly connected to the campus, building, or floor distributors, as appropriate for their intended use.

Campus backbone cabling - This is typically single- or multimode cable that interconnects the central campus distributor with each of the building distributors.

Building backbone cabling - This is typically Category 5 or better UTP or multimode fiber cable that interconnects the building distributor with each of the floor distributors in the building.

Horizontal cabling - This is predominantly Category 5 or better UTP cable, although a few installations are using multimode fiber.

As with UTP cable selection, the choice of link media and intermediate network nodes should always be made with an eye to future transmission rate needs and the life expectancy of the network elements, unpredictable though they may be. In the 1990s, LAN transmission rates increased 100 times and, by 2002, will increase yet another 10 times.

This does not mean that all-or even some-end stations and their interconnecting links will require gigabit capability. It does mean, however, that more central network nodes such as most campus distributors and many building distributors should be equipped with gigabit capability, and that all floor distributors should have at least 100 Mbps capability. It also means that all network switches should be nonblocking and that all ports should have full-duplex capability, and that any new campus backbone links should be installed with single-mode fiber.

Link Aggregation-Establishing Higher-Speed Network Trunks

Link aggregation is a recent optional MAC capability that allows several physical links to be combined into one logical higher-speed trunk. It provides the means to increase the effective data rate between two network nodes in unit multiples of the individual link transmission rate rather than in an order-of-magnitude step.

Link aggregation can be a cost-effective way to provide higher-speed connections in Ethernet LANs that are reaching saturation with 100 Mbps transmission rates but that won t require gigabit capability, at least in the short term. For example, the maximum length for 62.5 µ m multimode fiber links is 2000 meters at 100 Mbps, and multimode fiber has been often used for campus backbone links. The logical upgrade would seem to be to reuse these links for 1000 Mbps operation, but the maximum supportable length for multimode fiber is only 700 meters and only with 1000Base-LX. If the existing links are longer than 700 meters, aggregating n existing links will support an effective transmission rate of 100 n Mbps.

Link aggregation should be viewed as a network configuration option that is primarily used in the few interconnections that require higher data rates than can be provided by single links, such as switch-to-switch and in switch-to-file server. It can also be used to increase the reliability of critical links. Aggregated links can be rapidly reconfigured typically in about 1 second or less in case of link failure, with low risk of duplicated or reordered frames.

Link aggregation does not affect either the IEEE 802.3 data frame format s or any higher layers in the protocol stack. It is backward-compatible with aggregation-unaware devices and can be used with any Ethernet data rate although it does not make sense for 10 Mbps because it would likely cost less to procure a pair of 100-Mbps NICs. Link aggregation can be enabled only on parallel point-to-point links and those that support full-duplex same-speed operation.

Network Management

All higher-speed Ethernet specifications include definitions for managed objects and control agents that are compatible with Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP and that can be used to gather statistics about the operation of the network nodes and to assist in network management. Because user information is anecdotal at best and usually comes long after the fact, all larger networks should at least be configured with managed switches and network servers to ensure that potential problems and bottlenecks can be identified before they cause serious network deterioration.

Migrating to Higher-Speed Networks

By now, it should be apparent that upgrading existing networks typically does not require wholesale equipment or media changes, but it does require knowledge of the current network configuration and the network location of potential problems. This means that a network management system should be in place and that a cable plant database should be both available and accurate. It is time-consuming and often difficult to determine link type and availability after the cables have been pulled through conduit, buried in walls, and layered in cable trays.

Links are often the limiting factors in network upgrades. Existing Category 5 links should support all current Ethernet rates from 10 Mbps to 1000 Mbps, although they should be tested to ensure their capability to support gigabit rates. If the network is equipped with only Category 3 cable, some links will have to be replaced before upgrading to 1000 Mbps. A similar situation exists with single- and multimode fiber. Multimode fiber cannot be used for all backbone installations. Single-mode fiber, on the other hand, not only can support all backbone lengths up to 10,000 meters at 1000 Mbps, but it also will be capable of supporting backbone use at 10-gigabit data rates in the future.

Switch replacement can begin as soon as the necessary links are available. Existing switches at the campus and building distributor levels can often be reused at the building or floor distributor level. NICs can generally be replaced to extend the useful life of end stations. And so on.

Summary

The article began with an overview of the Ethernet technology, the network building blocks, and Ethernet s relationship to the ISO seven-layer reference model. The requirements for MAC and PHY compatibility also were introduced.

The basic MAC responsibilities were defined:

Data encapsulation - Assembling the frame into the defined format before transmission begins, and disassembling the frame after it has been received and checked for transmission errors.

Media access control - In the required CSMA/CD half-duplex mode, and in the optional full-duplex mode.

Two optional MAC capability extensions and their associated frame formats were discussed. The VLAN tagging option allows network nodes to be defined with logical as well as physical addresses, and provides a means to assign transmission priorities on a frame-by-frame basis. A specific format for the pause frame, which is used for short-term link flow control, is defined in the standard but was not covered here because it is automatic MAC capability that is invoked as needed to prevent input buffer overrun.

The PHY layer discussions included descriptions of the signaling procedures and media requirements/limitations for the following:

10Base-T

100Base-TX, 100Base-T4, and 100Base-T2

1000Base-T, 1000Base-CX, 1000Base-LX, and 1000Base-SX

Although 100Base-FX was not specifically discussed, it uses the same signaling procedure as 100Base-TX, but over optical fiber media rather than UTP copper.

The remaining sections of the article were devoted to systems considerations for both twisted-pair and optical fiber LAN implementations:

Link crossover requirements in UTP networks

Matching of PMDs and network media to ensure desired data rates

Use of link aggregation to create higher-speed logical trunks

Implementation of multispeed networks

After essentially finishing the article, you should have a reasonable working knowledge of the Ethernet protocol and network technology. The next section should help determine whether you need to go back and re-read the article.

Review Questions

Q - Shouldn t all 10Base-T networks just be upgraded to 100 Mbps. Why or why not.

A - Not necessarily-if the current 10Base-T network is repeater-based, replacing the repeaters with 10/100 nonsaturating switches would result in an automatic n times increase in the average available bandwidth for each end station.

Q - Which 100Base version s are recommended. Why.

A - 100Base-TX is recommended if the horizontal wiring is Category5 or better UTP. If the horizontal cabling is Category 3, 100BaseT4 can be used, but it may be difficult to acquire some reports indicate that because 100Base-TX was available more than a year before T4, it captured as much as 95 percent of the market. 100Base-T2 is not available.

Q - Which 1000Base version s are recommended. Where would they be used.

A - 1000Base-T, is recommended if the horizontal cabling is Category 5 or better UTP. 1000Base-SX can be used if the horizontal cabling is multimode optical fiber, as well as for some multimode backbones. 1000Base-LX can be used for either single-mode or multimode optical fiber see Table 7-5. 1000Base-CX can be used for short-haul equipment-room jumpers up to 25 meters.

Q - What cable types should be used for new networks. For upgrading existing networks. Why.

A - New or replacement UTP links may be Category 5E or better to allow for data rate growth to 1000 Mbps. Multimode fiber may be used as indicated in Table 7-5 for 1000Base-SX, or as noted in the paragraph following Table 7-5 for 1000Base-LX. These fibers will also provide future support for shorter distances between 100 and 300 meters, depending on the wavelength at 10,000 Mbps. To be truly future-proof and to ensure that you will be able to operate longer-distance backbones, choose single-mode fiber.

Q - How do you know when a network needs to be upgraded. Where do you start.

A - There are several ways:

Your users will tell you but often only after they have crossed the frustration threshold.

Your network management system should be capable of indicating the load characteristics for each DCE port.

Your organization is considering adding new applications such as multimedia that will require more communication bandwidth.

Your organization is growing, and there are not sufficient DCE ports in the right locations to accommodate the additional users.

After you have determined the need, you can consider the options. Remember that the network elements with the longest useful life the link media, followed by the network servers and network switches can also be the most expensive to replace. Choose with an eye to future growth, and consider reusing these elements wherever possible.

Rating: 4.5/5 92 votes cast.

Ethernet-A Brief History. The original Ethernet was developed as an experimental coaxial cable network in the 1970s by Xerox Corporation to operate with a data rate.

Az UTP kábel 4 érpárból álló réz alapú átviteli közeg. Az UTP kábeleknek mind a 8 rézvezetéke szigetelőanyaggal van körbevéve.

Кабель терминируется модульным разъемом RJ45 или на патч-панели. Большинство. Электрические характеристики для кабеля UTP категории 5.

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2016-01-21

Kf750 Driver Download

Eaw KF750 Technical Specifications

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EASTERN ACOUSTIC WORKS One Main Street, Whitinsville, MA 01588 508 234 - 6158 FAX 508 234 - 8251 Email info eaw.com Web EAW products are continually improved. All specifications are therefore subject to change without notice. PUB KF750F-888048 A /2 pp/1/29/99 Printed In USA

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Recommended High-Pass Frequency 24 dB/Octave 35 Hz Acoustic Performance Partnership One Main Street, Whitinsville MA, 01588 USA Phone 508/234-6158 Toll Free 800/992-5013 Fax 508/234-8251 Web email info eaw.com TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS KF750F ARCHITECTURAL SPECIFICATIONS The three-way full range loudspeaker systems shall incorpo-

Page 3

FREQUENCY RESPONSE INPUT IMPEDANCE KF750F Input Impedance Magnitude Acoustic Performance Partnership One Main Street, Whitinsville MA, 01588 USA Phone 508/234-6158 Toll Free 800/992-5013 Fax 508/234-8251 Web email info eaw.com PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS KF750F KF750F Axial Response 1000

Page 4

BEAMWIDTH Q DIRECTIVITY INDEX DI Acoustic Performance Partnership One Main Street, Whitinsville MA, 01588 USA Phone 508/234-6158 Toll Free 800/992-5013 Fax 508/234-8251 Web email info eaw.com PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS KF750F KF750F Beamwidth vs Frequency Horizontal Beamwidth 1/3 Octave

Page 5

POWER RESPONSE KF750F Beamwidth Delimited Power Response Acoustic Performance Partnership One Main Street, Whitinsville MA, 01588 USA Phone 508/234-6158 Toll Free 800/992-5013 Fax 508/234-8251 Web email info eaw.com PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS KF750F 1000 Frequency Hz Eastern Acoustic Works

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10000 12500 16000 20000 Acoustic Performance Partnership One Main Street, Whitinsville MA, 01588 USA Phone 508/234-6158 Toll Free 800/992-5013 Fax 508/234-8251 Web email info eaw.com PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS KF750F Hor Q Dir 10.2 14.3 20.1 23.5

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HORIZONTAL OFF-AXIS RESPONSE Acoustic Performance Partnership One Main Street, Whitinsville MA, 01588 USA Phone 508/234-6158 Toll Free 800/992-5013 Fax 508/234-8251 Web email info eaw.com PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS KF750F On-axis response normalized to 0 dB. KF750F Horizontal

Page 8

VERTICAL OFF-AXIS RESPONSE Acoustic Performance Partnership One Main Street, Whitinsville MA, 01588 USA Phone 508/234-6158 Toll Free 800/992-5013 Fax 508/234-8251 Web email info eaw.com PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS KF750F On-axis response normalized to 0 dB. KF750F Horizontal

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Page 10

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HORIZONTAL 1/3 OCTAVE POLAR DATA KF750F 6 db/div. Acoustic Performance Partnership One Main Street, Whitinsville MA, 01588 USA Phone 508/234-6158 Toll Free 800/992-5013 Fax 508/234-8251 Web email info eaw.com 1000 1250 Eastern Acoustic Works 1600

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Acoustic Performance Partnership One Main Street, Whitinsville MA, 01588 USA Phone 508/234-6158 Toll Free 800/992-5013 Fax 508/234-8251 Web email info eaw.com VERTICAL 1/3 OCTAVE POLAR DATA KF750F 1000 1250 Eastern Acoustic Works 1600 2000 2500

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KF750F 250 Hz Horizontal Octave Polar Data 6 db/div. Acoustic Performance Partnership One Main Street, Whitinsville MA, 01588 USA Phone 508/234-6158 Toll Free 800/992-5013 Fax 508/234-8251 Web email info eaw.com HORIZONTAL OCTAVE POLAR DATA KF750F Eastern Acoustic Works

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KF750F 1000 Hz Horizontal Octave Polar Data 6 db/div. Acoustic Performance Partnership One Main Street, Whitinsville MA, 01588 USA Phone 508/234-6158 Toll Free 800/992-5013 Fax 508/234-8251 Web email info eaw.com HORIZONTAL OCTAVE POLAR DATA KF750F Eastern Acoustic Works

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KF750F 4000 Hz Horizontal Octave Polar Data 6 db/div. Acoustic Performance Partnership One Main Street, Whitinsville MA, 01588 USA Phone 508/234-6158 Toll Free 800/992-5013 Fax 508/234-8251 Web email info eaw.com HORIZONTAL OCTAVE POLAR DATA KF750F Eastern Acoustic Works

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KF750F 16000 Hz Horizontal Octave Polar Data 6 db/div. Acoustic Performance Partnership One Main Street, Whitinsville MA, 01588 USA Phone 508/234-6158 Toll Free 800/992-5013 Fax 508/234-8251 Web email info eaw.com HORIZONTAL OCTAVE POLAR DATA KF750F Eastern Acoustic Works

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KF750F 250 Hz Vertical Octave Polar Data 6 db/div. Acoustic Performance Partnership One Main Street, Whitinsville MA, 01588 USA Phone 508/234-6158 Toll Free 800/992-5013 Fax 508/234-8251 Web email info eaw.com VERTICAL OCTAVE POLAR DATA KF750F Eastern Acoustic Works

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KF750F 1000 Hz Vertical Octave Polar Data 6 db/div. Acoustic Performance Partnership One Main Street, Whitinsville MA, 01588 USA Phone 508/234-6158 Toll Free 800/992-5013 Fax 508/234-8251 Web email info eaw.com VERTICAL OCTAVE POLAR DATA KF750F Eastern Acoustic Works

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KF750F 4000 Hz Vertical Octave Polar Data 6 db/div. Acoustic Performance Partnership One Main Street, Whitinsville MA, 01588 USA Phone 508/234-6158 Toll Free 800/992-5013 Fax 508/234-8251 Web email info eaw.com VERTICAL OCTAVE POLAR DATA KF750F Eastern Acoustic Works

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KF750F 16000 Hz Vertical Octave Polar Data 6 db/div. Acoustic Performance Partnership One Main Street, Whitinsville MA, 01588 USA Phone 508/234-6158 Toll Free 800/992-5013 Fax 508/234-8251 Web email info eaw.com VERTICAL OCTAVE POLAR DATA KF750F Eastern Acoustic Works

DIMENSIONAL DRAWING

KF750F

NOTES:

1. SYMB OL

INDICA TES CENTER OF

BA LANCE. TBD

2. SYMB OL

INDICA TES FLY TRA CK

MOUNTING POINTS.

3. WEIGHT APPROX: 200 LB S.

4. SHIPPING WEIGHT APPROX: 220 LBS.

27.00

7.28

31.00

10.87

GRILL PARTIALLY

SHOWN

FRONT

VIEW A-A

DIMENSIONS APPLY

TO BOTH SIDES

510741 B

exp 11/17/98 jfs

NOMINAL DATA

Frequency Response 1 Watt 1m

3 db

48 Hz to 18 kHz

-10 dB

30 Hz

Axial Sensitivity dB SPL, 1 Watt 1m

103

109

116

Impedance Ohms

2x 8

Power Handling, AES Standard Watts

1200

400

200

Calculated Maximum Output dB SPL 1m

LF Peak/Long Term

139.8/133.8

MF Peak/Long Term

141.0/135.0

HF Peak/Long Term

145.0/139.0

Nominal Coverage Angles, -6 dB points degrees

Horizontal

Vertical

Recommended High-Pass Frequency 24 dB/Octave

35 Hz

Acoustic Performance Partnership

One Main Street, Whitinsville MA, 01588 USA Phone 508/234-6158 Toll Free 800/992-5013 Fax 508/234-8251 Web email info eaw.com

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS KF750F

8.78

34.00

C L

TOP

TO TOP AND BOTTOM

27.80

3.63

3.00

7.75

L C

4.50

6.44

4.00

INPUT

BACK

Eastern Acoustic Works

ARCHITECTURAL SPECIFICATIONS

The three-way full range loudspeaker systems shall incorpo-

rate 2x 12-in LF transducers, a 10-in MF cone transducer and

a 2-in exit/100mm voice coil compression driver HF trans-

ducer.

The LF drivers shall be mounted in a vented enclosure tuned

for optimum low frequency response and separated verti-

cally to produce off-axis cancellation at a tuned frequency.

The MF driver shall be mounted on a large-format horn and

shall be coupled to a phase plug whose geometry exactly

matches that of the driver. The HF driver shall be loaded on

a constant directivity horn with a nominal coverage pattern

of 35 h x 35 v.

System frequency response shall vary no more than 3 dB

from 48 Hz to 18 kHz measured on axis. The loudspeaker s

subsystems LF/MF/HF shall produce Sound Pressure Level

SPL of 103/109/116 dB SPL on axis at 1 meter with a

6.63

power input of 1 Watt, and shall be capable of producing a

peak output of 139.8/141.0/145.0 dB SPL on axis at 1 meter.

The subsystems LF/MF/HF shall handle 1200/400/200 Watts

of amplifier power AES Standard and shall have nominal

impedances of 2x 8/8/8 Ohms.

The loudspeaker enclosure shall be trapezoidal in shape. It

shall be constructed of 15mm thickness void-free cross-grain-

laminated Baltic Birch plywood and shall employ extensive

internal bracing. It shall be finished in black catalyzed poly-

urethane. Input connector shall be a Neutrik NL8 with an

additional NL8 provided for connect through. A total of

eight 4-position flytracks 4 each front and rear shall be

provided. The front of the loudspeaker shall be covered with

a powdercoated perforated steel grill.

The three-way full range loudspeaker systems shall be the

EAW model KF750F.

KF750F

FREQUENCY RESPONSE

120

100

INPUT IMPEDANCE

PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS KF750F

KF750F Axial Response

Frequency Hz

KF750F Input Impedance Magnitude

1000

HF Tri-Amp Input Impedance Magnitude

MF Tri-Amp Input Impedance Magnitude

LF Tri-Amp Input Impedance Magnitude

10000

20000

BEAMWIDTH

360

330

300

270

240

210

180

150

Q DIRECTIVITY INDEX DI

KF750F Beamwidth vs Frequency

KF750F Q and Directivity

Horizontal Beamwidth 1/3 Octave

Vertical Beamwidth 1/3 Octave

Horizontal Q and Directivity 1/3 Octave

Vertical Q and Directivity 1/3 Octave

Total Q and Directivity 1/3 Octave

POWER RESPONSE

KF750F Beamwidth Delimited Power Response

Q DIRECTIVITY BEAMWIDTH BY FREQUENCY

Frequency

125

160

250

315

500

630

800

1250

1600

2000

2500

3150

4000

5000

6300

8000

12500

16000

Hor Beamwidth Ver Beamwidth

239

172

226

179

213

177

158

124

Hor Q Dir

Ver Q Dir

2.3

2.8

2.4

2.7

2.6

2.9

3.1

3.3

4.6

7.4

8.4

10.2

12.5

14.3

16.1

20.1

16.4

23.5

14.8

28.4

20.4

24.7

18.5

25.5

23.2

25.9

24.4

36.2

35.6

40.7

36.6

38.3

39.2

41.6

42.2

47.7

38.4

55.7

39.9

26.5

38.1

41.4

43.8

52.6

46.9

45.1

Tot Q Dir

2.5

3.2

7.9

11.2

15.1

18.1

23.7

21.1

24.3

25.1

35.9

38.5

38.7

41.9

42.6

46.6

31.1

44.8

46.00

HORIZONTAL OFF-AXIS RESPONSE

-10

-20

On-axis response normalized to 0 dB.

KF750F Horizontal

Horizontal 10 degrees

Horizontal -10 degrees

Horizontal 20 degrees

Horizontal -20 degrees

VERTICAL OFF-AXIS RESPONSE

Horizontal 30 degrees

Horizontal -30 degrees

Horizontal 40 degrees

Horizontal -40 degrees

KF750F Vertical

Vertical 10 degrees

Vertical -10 degrees

Vertical 20 degrees

Vertical -20 degrees

Vertical 30 degrees

Vertical -30 degrees

Vertical 40 degrees

Vertical -40 degrees

6 db/div.

HORIZONTAL 1/3 OCTAVE POLAR DATA KF750F

VERTICAL 1/3 OCTAVE POLAR DATA KF750F

HORIZONTAL OCTAVE POLAR DATA KF750F

KF750F 125 Hz Horizontal Octave Polar Data

KF750F 250 Hz Horizontal Octave Polar Data

KF750F 500 Hz Horizontal Octave Polar Data

KF750F 1000 Hz Horizontal Octave Polar Data

KF750F 2000 Hz Horizontal Octave Polar Data

KF750F 4000 Hz Horizontal Octave Polar Data

KF750F 16000 Hz Horizontal Octave Polar Data

KF750F 8000 Hz Horizontal Octave Polar Data

VERTICAL OCTAVE POLAR DATA KF750F

KF750F 125 Hz Vertical Octave Polar Data

KF750F 250 Hz Vertical Octave Polar Data

KF750F 500 Hz Vertical Octave Polar Data

KF750F 1000 Hz Vertical Octave Polar Data

KF750F 2000 Hz Vertical Octave Polar Data

KF750F 4000 Hz Vertical Octave Polar Data

KF750F 8000 Hz Vertical Octave Polar Data

KF750F 16000 Hz Vertical Octave Polar Data

KF750F.

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Huawei U9130 Compass

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Huawei IDEOS S7

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Huawei IDEOS S7 Slim

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Huawei U8800 Pro

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LG C199

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LG Optimus G LS970

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LG Optimus L3 II Dual E435

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Huawei U8350 Boulder

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Huawei Ascend P1s

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Nokia X3-02 Touch and Type

Download Drivers USB Windows XP 7 8 Nokia X3-02 Touch and Type.Once the drivers are installed, you can select the option to drivers usb rom your Nokia X3-02 Touch and Type in the toolkit.

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Huawei G7002

Download Drivers USB Windows Huawei G7002.Once the drivers are installed, you can select the option to drivers usb rom your Huawei G7002 in the toolkit.

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This package contains the files for installing the USB Driver for all Windows XP Vista 7 8 Huawei G7002 Mobile Phones. If this package has been installed, updating overwrite-installing this package may fix problems, add new functions, or expand functions. This program is language independent and can be used with any language system.

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These are the USB device drivers for the Huawei G7002 and are used to connect the device to the PC through a USB connection.

2016-01-21

Via P4m266a 8235 Driver

Driver Scape

Geralmente essas entradas sao configuraveis pelo driver No momento em q vc pluga algo nela nao aparece nada. se aparecer vc seleciona - Saida de linha ou Line Out.

Finding the correct driver for your device has never been easier. DriverGuide maintains an archive of VIA Technologies BIOS / Motherboard drivers available for free.
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The VIA ProSavageDDR P4M266 is the first integrated core logic solution for the Intel Pentium 4 processor platform. Harnessing the industry-leading performance of DDR Double Data Rate SDRAM, the flexibility of VIA Modular Architecture Platform V-MAP design, and the rich graphics performance of the enhanced S3 Graphics ProSavage8 2D/3D engine, the VIA ProSavageDDR P4M266 reduces system cost while delivering unprecedented performance and stability.

The VIA ProSavageDDR P4M266 with a 400MHz Front Side Bus, the high performance DDR 200/266 memory controller from the VIA Apollo P4X266, and the superb performance of the enhanced S3 Graphics ProSavage8 core yields an unbeatable mix of power, flexibility and value. Supporting enhanced 128-bit 3D and 2D engines, effective AGP 8X equivalent internal bandwidth throughput through 128-bit data paths, 32MB of Frame Buffer capability and digital video DXVA Motion Compensation for smooth digital video playback, the integrated S3 Graphics ProSavage8 trade core provides class leading 2D,3D, video quality and performance. Flexibility is enhanced by an optional external AGP slot to enable future upgrades if required.

Supporting up to 4.0GB of DDR memory, the VIA ProSavageDDR P4M266 leverages the power of the Intel Pentium 4 processor to full effect, enabling outstanding multitasking capabilities. The VIA ProSavageDDR P4M266 allows corporate and consumer customers to fully exploit Microsoft Windows XP and Office XP applications, and provides significant headroom for the next generation of software applications and Internet technologies. On industry standard benchmarks such as 3D Winmark, the VIA ProSavageDDR P4M266 enables performance gains of up to 100 when compared with integrated systems based on the Intel Pentium III processor, the previous standard for mainstream desktop computing.

The VIA ProSavageDDR P4M266 also boasts the latest South Bridge technology with first to market innovations like integrated 3Com networking in the VT8233C and the introduction of Ultra ATA-133 in the VT8233A. Ultra ATA-133, offering 33 more bandwidth between hard drive and CPU, enables the VIA ProSavageDDR P4M266 to deliver more performance in data intensive applications like business productivity software than rival mainstream desktop platforms. In addition to these performance features the P4M266 features integrated AC 97 audio, MC 97 modem support, 6 USB ports, and Advanced Power Management.

The VIA ProSavageDDR P4M266 also has an external AGP port for graphics upgrades and supports PC133 SDRAM to provide the scalability that OEMs and System Integrators need to build systems spanning a complete spectrum of price points using a single platform.

Benefits of VIA P4M266

Unparalleled Memory and Graphics Performance: The high performance DDR subsystem of the VIA ProSavageDDR P4M266, offering up to 2.1GB/sec, or AGP 8X equivalent memory bandwidth, greatly increases the performance of the enhanced S3 Graphics ProSavage8 core.

VIA Modular Architecture Platform V-MAP : The VIA ProSavageDDR P4M266 provides OEMs and SIs with unparalleled flexibility and scalability for existing and future PC designs. As a modular solution, both the North Bridge and South Bridge of the VIA ProSavageDDR P4M266 are completely pin compatible with current products, such as the VT8233C South Bridge with integrated 3Com Ethernet, and the VIA Apollo P4X266 North Bridge. V-MAP maximizes flexibility when designing a platform around the VIA ProSavageDDR P4M266 chipset. This enables OEMs and SIs to save costs and speed up time to market by offering systems covering a full spectrum of system price points based on a single motherboard platform.

P4M266 Block Diagram

Key Features

Supports Intel Pentium 4 Processor

400MHz Quad 100 FSB setting

S3 Graphics ProSavage8 Integrated Graphics core

Supports DDR200/266 SDRAM as well as PC100/133 SDRAM

Ultra fast 266MB per second V-Link between North and South Bridge

Support for Advanced Communications Riser ACR

AC 97 and MC 97 Audio/Modem

Integrated 3Com 10/100Mb Ethernet Media Access Controller VT8233C or 10/100Mb Ethernet, 1/10Mb HomePNA VT8233 VT8233A

Support for 2 ATA 33/66/100 interfaces ATA133 also in VT8233A

6 USB ports, UHCI compliant

Integrated KBC, PS/2 Mouse Interface, RTC

Advanced power management capabilities

664-pin BGA VT8751 North Bridge

376-pin BGA VT8233 family South Bridge.

This page contains the list of device drivers for VIA P4M266A-8235. To download the proper driver, first choose your operating system, then find your device name and click the download button.

If you could not find the exact driver for your hardware device or you aren t sure which driver is right one, we have a program that will detect your hardware specifications and identify the correct driver for your needs. Please click here to download.

Network Wireless Drivers

Hard Disk Controller Drivers.

2016-01-21

Laser Shot Lbp 2900 Driver

Canon i-SENSYS LBP2900. Back to top. Drivers; Software; Manuals; Firmware; FAQs; Left Right. Available Drivers 0 For certain products, a driver is necessary to.
Download Canon Laser Shot LBP2900 Printer Driver R1.11 Printer / Scanner.
Canon lbp 2900 driver free download - Canon LASER SHOT LBP-1120, Canon LASER SHOT LBP-1210, Canon BubbleJet Printer Driver, and many more programs.
Canon LaserShot LBP 2900 Driver We will try to offer Canon Laser Shot LBP 2900 Driver to save your time for searching please check this sometime for update your.

Download Official Canon Laser Shot LBP 2900 Drivers

Canon i-SENSYS LBP2900 / LBP2900B. Your compact and stylish personal laser printer. 32-bit driver only Web distribution only.

Description

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2016-01-21

X10 Usb Driver Windows 7

If your pc has recently started to demonstrate the negative effects of a defective driver Sitecom USB simcard reader MD-010 is certainly one example of an crucial.

USB\Class_ff Driver Download

Scottsdale Art Factory, LLC. is based in Scottsdale, Arizona, USA. We are a traditional corporate run business with deep family ties to old tradition and have a.

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File Name:DV6605us.zip

43.4 MB

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Appian PCI IDE Controller Driver

DV6605us.zip43.4 MB49,320

Realtek AC 97 Audio Driver

WDM_A406.rar14.6 MB43,444

Intel R 82865G/PE/P/GV/82848P Processor to AGP Controller - 2571 Driver

Chipset_Intel_ 4_A.zip3.0 MB8,693

ASUS_P5GD2-TMX-GB-SI.exe24.5 MB122,354

NETGEAR WNA1100 N150 Wireless USB Adapter Driver

TL-WN322G_28v3 in7.zip1.2 MB21,641

AU8820B2 Driver

AU8820B2.zip917.2 KB21,591

Atheros AR5002G Wireless Network Adapter Driver

WLAN_Atheros_8.0.0.90.zip15.2 MB8,184

MF190 Driver

MF181_MF190_Install.zip32.1 MB20,170

ALI PCI IDE Controller Driver

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TL-WN721N Driver

20102103251818.zip1.3 MB3,247

WUSB54G Driver

Linksys_WUSB54-G.zip7.5 MB16,447

USB Scanner Driver

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SAA7134 TV Card - TV Tuner Driver

SAA713x_TV_Car ver.zip26.0 MB16,258

TL-WN321G USB Wireless Adapter Driver

tl-wn321g.rar720.8 KB14,575

NB 802.11n BG Wireless LAN USB Adapter UB81 Driver

TL-WN821N.zip16.8 MB3,886

Trust Bluetooth 3.0 Adapter Driver

Bluetooth_Athe 4_A.zip186.4 MB9,136

Realtek RTL8139/810X Family Fast Ethernet NIC Driver

TOSH_SAT_A215_ _XP.zip72.3 MB14,337

D-Link DWA-160 Xtreme N Dual Band USB Adapter rev.A Driver

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Atheros Wireless Network Adapter Driver

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X10 USB Wireless Transceiver computer interface model number CM19A. Uses the same Firecracker software as the CM17A interface to sends X10 signals right from.
PC Camera, BisonCam, NB Pro, USB PC Camera SN9C102, USB PC Camera SN9C120, Device Diagnostic Interface.

Ramos X10 Quad Core Android Tablet Mini 7.85 Inch Screen Dual Camera 16G.

Latest Client: V50.06. X10 Unlock Requirements; X10 Driver Installation; X10 Unlock; Test Point Unlock; Trouble Shooting; FAQs - Common Questions; Supported Phones.

I have UMI X1 phone. And i need to change de china baseband for the canadian baseband I9250UGLH1. Now i can go in the phone with this usb driver s.

Microsoft ACPI-Compliant-system last downloaded: 31.12.2015 - 2016 version. 18 Users. Download Rating: 83. Device drivers: Microsoft ACPI-Compliant-system - download.

Feb 25, 2010 This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.

2016-01-21

S5 Media Player Url

Brorsoft provides customers with best Video Converter, DVD Ripper, Blu-ray Ripper. Plus, as the best assistant of AVCHD/MXF camcorders offers customers the best MTS.

Overview. Apple s iOS did not have an official name until the release of the iPhone software development kit on March 6, 2008. Before then, Apple marketing literature.

Do you want to generate a QR-Code. Enter your URL and click generate QR-Code. The QR-code generator creates immediately a free QR-Code with a Short-URL for you.

Sonos is the first name in wireless HiFi home audio, offering high-end streaming music speakers, whole-home audio setups, and more.

S5 Media Player

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This product is still available for download, but we highly recommend our S5 Media Player V2 plugin instead. This plugin uses html5, so no flash is required.

Which Properties Sold In Greenwich Patch

East Greenwich, RI breaking news, local news, events, weather, sports, schools, shopping, restaurants from Patch.

Greenwich, CT breaking news, local news, events, weather, sports, schools, shopping, restaurants from Patch.

Why use Zillow. Zillow is perfect for searching homes for sale in the United States. By analyzing real estate information on millions of homes for sale across the.

which properties sold in greenwich patch

Lists are an easy way to save properties and plan trips with friends.

Only the most extraordinary properties are featured in this collection of luxury real estate, marketed around the world through the Christie s International Real.

Properties sold in Greenwich, as recorded in the Greenwich Tax Assessor s Office in Town Hall, from June 9 through June 14, 2011.

June 9:

12 Burning Tree Rd.: Rudy V. and Claudia C. Ridberg to Mohammad Fahini; 2,435,000.

31 St. Roch Ave.: Barnes Realty LLC to 31 St. Roch Avenue Real Estate Holdings LLC; 1,202,000.

June 10:

514 Round Hill Rd.: Douglas S. Roher and Terri L. Troja to George and Julia Wilcox; 3,200,000.

124 Pilgrim Dr.: Scott C. Nastahowski to James M. and Jennifer C. Cronin; 895,000.

36 Brookridge Dr.: Becker Family Enterprises LLC to Stefan Heck and Phoenicia Vuong; 2,770,000.

170 Weaver St.: Elizabeth Milbauer to Scott Natashowski; 1,000,000.

June 13:

36 Binney Ln.: Charles C. and Alexandra Vanneck Smith to Jeffrey P. and Christine L. DiModica; 6,795,000.

242 Riverside Ave,: Annette M. Lester to Edward H. and Jennifer M Galbally; 3,297,500.

22 Webb Ave.: Joseph A. and Josephine Gaudio to Patrick and Elizabeth R. Crotty; 1,040,000.

20 Desirre Dr.: Michael E. and D0rothy M. Petll to Salvatore and Elizabeth Tommasino; 1,850,000.

June 14:

17 Sheephill Rd.: Daniel L. Colbert and Catherine Clinton to Jonathan H. Gorman;

629,000.

90 East Elm St., nit 90-2: Faith R. Larsen, trustee to Alexis and Thomas Jasper; 2,900,000.

21 Taylor Dr.: John E. and Elizabeth B. Beckwith to Annie S. Farrell; 599,000.

Across Connecticut

Trending Across Patch

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2016-01-21

Driver Per Dex

Scarica Android USB drivers per DEX. È possibile trovare i driver USB disponibili per il tuo cellulare o tablet Android. In questa sezione, cerchiamo di aiutarvi a.

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Average Fedex Driver Salaries. The average salary for fedex driver jobs is 34,000. Average fedex driver salaries can vary greatly due to company, location, industry.

Fill out the form below to download the free trial of DEX 3. The free trial is fully functional with the exception of having to restart the software every 30 minutes.

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Olivetti Lexikon DEX Computer Discount 110 c Olivetti JP 190 clone

Cerco driver per stampante Dex Jet 110 colour del 1996 prodotta per Computer Discount da Olivetti Lexikon, clone della JP 190, per PC con Sistema Operativo Windows XP YG3MH.

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RCH 90 or 96. - 07/12/01 :59 AM

sgs

Posts: 1159

Joined: 04/23/01

Status: offline

I am trying to find an 8 iron for a buddy of mine who lost his. It was a Callaway Big Bertha with a RCH 96 firm. I have seen the 96 listed as reg. flex and firm and the same with the 90. I am not a Callaway man at all so I would appreciate any help on this. Is the 90 and 96 designate weight in grams. RCH 96 firm is what I am looking for but trying to broaden my options if possible.Thanks

Post : 1

RE: RCH 90 or 96. - 07/12/01 :23 PM

reddoggolf

Posts: 5376

Joined: 02/18/01

The numbers relate to weight, and are available in different flexes. Personally I d change all the shafts, but Callaway has made their branded shafts shafts only available to the public. So, you could just get any eight iron, and put that shaft in it. Bring your wallet though- them shafts are spendy.

Post : 2

RE: RCH 90 or 96. - 07/13/01 :20 AM

jackaroo

Posts: 1223

Joined: 02/02/01

I would reshaft the whole set. Not because it is hard to match, but rather that Callaway was not known for great shaft quality in standard sets. Even now you have to pay extra for decent shaft. Apologies in advance to M10 lovers, I just never liked that shaft.

I m a hockey player but I m playing golf today -Happy Gilmore

Post : 3

RE: RCH 90 or 96. - 07/13/01 :58 AM

Thanks for the input. I was wrong with the RCH 96 firm, he actually has the RCH 90 firm which I have found out is even worse than the the 96. I don t believe he is interested in reshafting his set.he shoots in the 110 s and seems happy with what he s got.

Post : 4

RE: RCH 90 or 96. - 07/14/01 :30 PM

MOSESGOLF

Posts: 544

Joined: 11/07/00

I always thought the number 90, 96 corresponded with the years that the shafts were first introduced. I think Callaway also had an RCH 35 shaft special order for their woods. That can t be the weight. I remember when they first brought out the RCH 90 shaft when they introduced their new driver with the Sir Isaac Newton commericals and the year when they introduced their new black shafts RCH 96 into the big bertha irons. The year was 1996. But I also do remember when they first brough out the Big Bertha irons that they had the RCH 90 shafts. Am I just blabbing here. I still have the Warbird Deuce with the RCH 90 shaft strong flex. It s the best fairway wood I ve ever played with. Can t seem to find one better. IMO the RCH 90 shaft was the best they ever put into their clubs. The 96 was a peace of junk.

Post : 5.

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2016-01-21

Integrated Web Camera Driver Dell

Dell integrated web camera driver social advice Users interested in Dell integrated web camera driver generally download.

Free Download by Creative Technology Ltd. Dell webcam manager is a utility A package of 5 games that will transfer you into the screen by a USB camera.

This question has been answered by Doxun

Posted by

pategato

I bought an Inspiron 15 last week. Great laptop. It came with an integrated 1.3 megapixel webcam, managed by a program called Dell Webcam Central.

Program worked perfectly OK, until I downloaded an update from Windows Update, labeled as important, which is new drivers for the webcam.

These new drivers doesnt affect the camera performace, it works perfectly with MSN messanger, but, Dell Webcam Central says there s no webcam attached to the computer.

I had to remove those drivers, and remove the Dell Webcam software copletely, then download drivers from Dell, and reinstall the webcam suite, problem solved.

Thing is, Windows Update is prompting me to download those drivers again, labeling them as an important update. Of course I don t want to go tru all that problem again.

If I accept that update again, is there a way to re-attach the webcam to the Dell software, without having to uninstall and reinstall everything again. Thanks a lot in advance.

You have posted to a forum that requires a moderator to approve posts before they are publicly available.

Verified Answer

Hey, I ran webcam diagnostics on the and it shows the problem exactly. It does not register there being an integrated webcam at all in the firstplace. Even though it works for skype and the Windows 8 camera app. But it works nowhere else, and the camera is undetectable.

All Replies

allmatty

I have the same problem with my Inspiron 1525 I got a week agoafter the update.webcam central tells me to plug in a supported webcam when I have one built in. I too would like to get this fixed without having to roll back or ignore the important updates. If anyone has a fix, it would be greatly appreciated.

trvr

As reported elsewhere on this forum, this problem is almost always solved by plugging in or unplugging and plugging in again a USB function such as a mouse, as if by magic the webcam appears as long as the webcam central window is open. This happened on my brand new inspiron 15 too. No need to go around installing drivers etc I have done this too.

Come on Dell, time to sort this out. Its a factory-installed defect. How many machines are you having call-outs to fix under warranty by less inventive customers.

Haha, it worked.

I plugged my sandisk flash drive while running the dell webcam program, and it detected the webcam right away. very odd.

Bet it s a glitch really easy to fix, como on Dell get on it.

What a weird thingfollowed the advice plugged in my wireless usb mouse and it started right up. thanks for the temp fix.

vinodachu

sorry this thing doesnt work for me..mine is also dell inspiron 1525 and i can start webcam integrated from yahoo messenger and erwebcam broadcaster but i failed to start it on dell webcam center it says nosupported driver installed pls install using dell resource cd. i already installed the creative lab 1.3 mp driver.on my device manager it shows integrated camera and shows a list of drivers of it.i unninstall it and scan for hardware changes then it accept usb video and driver usbvideo.sys.but all this drivers accepted by the above mentioned application except dell central. I want to view my webcam in central coz the others have limited functions and resolution low for broadcasting. i checked at my level best to correct it. .Is there anyone who can help me to solve the issue.

mattg43

Just found this post from a google search. I had the same problem with a new Inspiron 15 we got last night. Worked fine, then installed MS Updates and then no worky.

Got a regular USB corded mouse and plugged in in while webcam central was open and a couple seconds later it just fixed itself.

Thanks 4 ur kind reply. But things gone against me still now.I didn t install any MS updates and i tired of doing things above tips not working. But my webcam still recognized by other application except dell central.I didnt find the real solution

Wyllow

That was beautiful I did just like you suggested, and it worked without a hitch. Someone needs to email Dell Support and let them know that this is a problem.

how is it worked. Using usb mouse or something similar can u explain in detail.Any suggesstions on microsoft updates on webcam

ems_flute

well i did the same thing and it worked. yay. but do i have to keep it plugged in all the time for it to work though.

dude,pls use web companion2 its great and working with inspiron 15 i left web cam central. no use. try torrent search u get that application with additional software magic visual effects and is cool too..:

heba88

hey guys i have a problem with my webcam my computer is inspiron 1545 my webcam is working but its very slow the image moves every five minutes please help.

mkb21

check the settings in webcam central, make sure that it is not set to time lapse video, and set it to normal video if it is. If it is still messed up go to add/remove programs and remove the dell webcam central, and any other dell webcam software. Then go to start control panel hardware and sound then next to devices and printers click device manager if your using vista and not 7 it is start control panel hardware and sound scroll down and click on device manager. Once in device manager, look for imaging devices, expand the option by clicking on the , right click the webcam and select properties, click on the driver tab, then uninstall. Then finally find your Dell CD that is labeled Drivers and Utilities or it might be labeled Resource CD or something like that. Insert the CD and find the driver for the webcam on it, extract it, and then follow the prompts to re-install the driver which also reinstalls the Dell Webcam central. When it asks to restart now or later, select later. When it goes back to the CD contents click the x to close the window. Remove the CD, then restart the PC. Try to run the webcam central again, if your webcam is still very slow, I suspect you have a hardware problem with the webcam itself. If your machine is still under warranty you can contact Dell support and have it sent in. If it is not under warranty you should be able to ask them about replacement options, but this may require more money than your willing to spend, so the logical next step would be to buy another webcam that is external to your laptop, the kind that clips on the monitor, it should work perfectly or else return it and try again. These are your only real options.

As far as the webcam software I found this forum from searching for my own problem with the webcam software on an Inspiron 1464 laptop. Dell Webcam center showed me the same problem others here are having as it said that my webcam driver could not be found, but when I clicked on start all programs Dell webcam Dell webcam central and ran it, my webcam worked perfectly. I had problems installing the drivers when I first purchased it and I think that Dell webcam center was software that the Dell support tech told me to download, needless to say the Dell Webcam central software on the drivers and utilities disk works perfectly.

deples

I hope my webcam at inspiron 1464 core i3 working too, but no driver support from dell support center. it will be nice if we have cd driver bundled with laptop when we buy. but theres no driver for dell n series.

anyone h who know driver for my laptop, please reply

mdsavala

i tried plugging in my usb mouse and it still doesnt work

This question has been answered by Doxun

Anatnakhti

I ve had this same problem going on for a long time. I ve tried various things to get the web cam to work. . I did find that the USB suggestion worked for me. I plug in my flash drive it will pop up. You have to first open your Dell web cam central program have it tell you it s not working. Then. . while it s still up running you plug in your flash drive or whatever. It will pop up. . or at least it does for me. It wont work if you don t have the program up first.

For the people that cannot get this to work. . something else I just did might help. I downloaded Skype to use the cam on. . when I went into the settings viewed my web cam it worked without web cam central. That s not so odd because it also does this in Yahoo Messenger. But here s the thing. . since I ve configured it in Skype. . anytime I run Dell web cam central it works. . without the USB fix. It s actually running on it s own. I have NO idea why. I don t have the Skype application running either. If you cannot get this to work with the USB. . at least give this a try.

bjhomer

I have an Inspiron 1750 with the same issue. The USB trick worked for a short time, but it has no effect now. Apparently the real problem is that Win7 does not have drivers for Integrated Web Cams yet. A patch or a whole new piece of software needs to be written. In the meantime, we are screwed. I tried teh Skype idea and it didn t make any difference either.

rob kermit

Hello Bjhomer,

I have the same laptop and have searched everywhere for the solution to this problem for quite some time, and have finally come up with a working solution. This has been verified to work on Windows 7 64-bit.

These files are actually for the Dell Inspiron 1440 laptop which my fiancee has but the camera is the same in both the 1750 and 1440.

The files you will need are as follows. You will need both files in order to install the webcam. You can find them by searching for them on Google:

R216115 R216115.exe - Webcam Drivers

R230103 Dell_SX2210-Monitor_Webcam SW RC1.1_ R230103.exe - Webcam Central

I truly hope this works as well for you as it did for me.

Cheers,

Joe

Thank you SO much.. I will try this later to day and post back the results.

I hope that it does. I ll be waiting for your results.

By the way, if you search for the R numbers in Google the numbers I have in parenthesis that are in my original message, the first result for each should be the download from Dell.

Thank you, it did take me right to the Dell downloads. I installed them both, in the order you gave them, and the first said, an error occurred but when I closed that it immediately gave me the Finish screen with the option to restart now or not I did Then I installed the second one, no error, ended with the same finish options, allowed the restart, and no go. So I reinstalled number 1 and tried again. still nothing. Am i missing a step.

What kind of error did it give you. Something you can try:

Start Right click Computer Properties Device Manager

Under Imaging Devices, uninstall the Integrated Webcam right click on it and then click Uninstall

Now try to install the driver pack.

an error occurred while setting up the driver

the auto installer for new hardware keeps kicking in and reinstalling it while the new drivers are trying to install. how do I disable that..

majestixblue

Hi Joe,

Thanks for sharing this. I have Studio 1558 on Win7 64bit and after reinstallation of the windows, the webcam software is not included in the resource CD. I have requested to Dell and they sent me the Webcam CD. I installed, the Dell webcam central software is working but give a warning Please Plug your Webcam Tried a couple of time to reinstall but doesn t work, and plugging USB also dídn t work. Then I tried your suggestion, it worked immediately :

For those who wants to install, I d like to share what I did with both files:

1. I uninstall the webcam driver which is already installed by Win7. This Microsoft driver actually work on Yahoo Messenger and Skype but not on Dell Webcam Center

2. Install R216115 R216115.exe - Webcam Drivers. It will say ERROR on installation, leave it and DON T Restart

3. Install R230103 Dell_SX2210-Monitor_Webcam SW RC1.1_ R230103.exe - Webcam Central this is actually the same software as the one in the CD that I got. After installation complete, then you can Restart.

It worked for me. Thanks again Joe

Denny

Success And another oddity, occasionally the light on the camera will blink as though it is having difficulty functioning. When that happens, I close the lid and open it again my settings are not to shut off the laptop with closing the lid and it picks right up and works again. Weird. Anyway, I have my camera back.. Thanks, all.

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TRP 100-II www.aures.com epos thermal receipt printer Driver 7, XP, 2000, 2003 printer by POSLIGNE Author: AURES POS Subject: TRP-100 II thermal receipt.

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TRP 100 II est une imprimante tickets très rapide 160 mm/sec, cette imprimante thermique accepte un rouleau de 80 mm de diamètre, un driver compatible ESC/POS.

Product Sheet: TRP 100 -II By POSLIGNE EPoS Thermal Teceipt Printer. This printer boasts fantastic high speed The TRP -100 II is available with dual interface.

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AURES Technical Support

Download the Thermal printer configuration utility

For ODP200-III, ODP333, ODP500, ODP1000, TRP100-III

includes code page setting option

Download the Code Page utility for Type-II printers only

Download the LOGO loading utility

Download the Ethernet configuration utility see below

Download the TCPIPCFG Ethernet configuration utility see below

View the Ethernet interface guide to check required utility version

Download the Wi-Fi configuration utility

– See the Installation manual section for a set-up guide also check this section for the guide to connecting via a browser window.

Download the 32bit Com port emulator for printers connected via USB

Download the Windows 7 64bit Com port emulator for printers connected via USB.

2016-01-21

Driver Hp Deskjet 2300c

HP LaserJet 2300 Printer Hewlett Packard Enterprise. Sign up now for customized driver, security, patch, and support email alerts.

The driver/software disk that came with my Deskjet Printer has become unusable and I cannot seem to find a site to download the information I need.

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HP Scanjet 2300c Scanner: Sign up now for customized driver, security, patch, For enterprise products go to Hewlett Packard Enterprise.

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Xerox Workcentre M123 Driver

WorkCentre M123/M128, Staples, Support and Drivers Support and Drivers. Genuine Xerox supplies are to ensure the best possible printing performance.

Product downloads for WorkCentre M123/M128 Note: If there are no results for your Operating Systemand/or Language, please check the compatibility documents to.

File Download: Windows PostScript PPD Driver Files - 32/64-bit

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Automatically Update WorkCentre M123/M128 Xerox Printers Drivers with Easy Driver Pro for Windows XP.

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2016-01-21

Processing.app.serialexception Error Opening Serial Port

Serial: Port busy. Tasm_Devil. May 2014 Error opening serial port /dev/ttyACM0: Error opening serial port /dev/ttyACM0: Port busy at processing.serial.Serial.

Error when opening COM port. processing.app.SerialException: Error when Arduino COM port. SerialException: Error when opening serial port /dev.

Error opening serial port '/dev/ttyUSBx' on Ubuntu

Helge Milde

Hi.

I m suddenly having problems uploading/communicating with my Arduino board via the Arduino Java IDE.. The strange thing is it happened after working for 2 days straight..

I was editing a program, continously uploading and testing it, when I clicked the Serial Monitor button so I could debug which had worked fine just minutes ago.

First I get a lot of weird char s, like you d get trying to Serial.print a non-alphanumeric byte although it was an int - then, after fiddeling with the Serial rate from the IDE while the Arduino program was still running, I got an error.

Ctrl c. /arduino and Upload to I/O Board Still get an error.

I ve tried rebooting Ubuntu, reinstalling the software, removing all components and reprogrammed the Blink-example with my Windows machine which worked - so I doubt the board is damaged.

Below is the full error message. I m 100 sure the usb-device is correct.

processing.app.SerialException: Error opening serial port /dev/ttyUSB0.

at processing.app.Serial. Serial.java:142

at processing.app.Serial. Serial.java:72

at processing.app.Uploader.flushSerialBuffer Uploader.java:66

at processing.app.AvrdudeUploader.uploadViaBootloader AvrdudeUploader.java:73

at processing.app.AvrdudeUploader.uploadUsingPreferences AvrdudeUploader.java:48

at processing.app.Sketch.upload Sketch.java:1632

at processing.app.Sketch.exportApplet Sketch.java:1701

at processing.app.Editor 41.run Editor.java:2004

at java.awt.event.InvocationEvent.dispatch InvocationEvent.java:209

at java.awt.EventQueue.dispatchEvent EventQueue.java:597

at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpOneEventForFilters EventDispatchThread.java:273

at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpEventsForFilter EventDispatchThread.java:183

at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpEventsForHierarchy EventDispatchThread.java:173

at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpEvents EventDispatchThread.java:168

at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpEvents EventDispatchThread.java:160

at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.run EventDispatchThread.java:121

Caused by: gnu.io.UnsupportedCommOperationException: Invalid Parameter

at gnu.io.RXTXPort.setSerialPortParams RXTXPort.java:171

at processing.app.Serial. Serial.java:132

15 more

gnu_linux

dmesg

should show messages like these when you connect your device

usb 2-6: new full speed USB device using ohci_hcd and address 5

usb 2-6: configuration 1 chosen from 1 choice

ftdi_sio 2-6:1.0: FTDI USB Serial Device converter detected

ftdi_sio: Detected FT232RL

usb 2-6: FTDI USB Serial Device converter now attached to ttyUSB0

usb 2-6: New USB device found, idVendor 0403, idProduct 6001

usb 2-6: New USB device strings: Mfr 1, Product 2, SerialNumber 3

usb 2-6: Product: TTL232R

usb 2-6: Manufacturer: FTDI

usb 2-6: SerialNumber: FTDxxxxx

Sometimes the device may not be ttyUSB0, it could be ttyUSB1 ttyUSB2 and so on

Andy Mac

Ubuntu 9.10

Arduino Uno 0022

It appears to be intermittent, the menu is 10 seconds behind and sometimes the serial port is there and sometimes it dont

yesterday it eventually stabilised, many unplugs reboots etc etc and i ran it all day no probs, i assumed it was because i ran arduino as root which seemed to help but today it s not having any.

sudo. /arduino

terminal implied it was a permission issue so i chowned it to me anyways

sudo chown username /dev/ttyACM0

it shows no serial port but i can upload. and fails only when i try to open the serial monitor

i get this message sometimes serial port already in use so i rm the lock and try again but i am going in circles

when run sudo. /arduino i get this in the terminal window, it implies my port isn t there

Native lib Version RXTX-2.1-7

Java lib Version RXTX-2.1-7

RXTX Warning: Removing stale lock file. /var/lock/LCK..ttyACM0

Binary sketch size: 7564 bytes of a 32256 byte maximum

processing.app.SerialNotFoundException: Serial port /dev/ttyACM0 not found. Did you select the right one from the Tools Serial Port menu.

at processing.app.Serial. Serial.java:153

at processing.app.Serial. Serial.java:76

at processing.app.debug.Uploader.flushSerialBuffer Uploader.java:75

at processing.app.debug.AvrdudeUploader.uploadViaBootloader AvrdudeUploader.java:93

at processing.app.debug.AvrdudeUploader.uploadUsingPreferences AvrdudeUploader.java:56

at processing.app.Sketch.upload Sketch.java:1603

at processing.app.Sketch.exportApplet Sketch.java:1568

at processing.app.Sketch.exportApplet Sketch.java:1524

at processing.app.Editor DefaultExportHandler.run Editor.java:2293

at java.lang.Thread.run Thread.java:636

i don t know the answer but hope there is a fix for this one day

i got it working briefly today by sudo. /arduino then pasting in my code into the default and empty sketch and saved then uploaded it without looking at the selected Serial port, Yay success, but the next upload a minute later failed with the old Serial port /dev/ttyACM0 not found nutmeg

aaaaagggghh

simulation

kubuntu 9.10

arduino-0022

arduino-0021 .

i have the exact same problem. it started yesterday when i tried arduino-0022 to play with my new ethernet/sd shield. there is a huge lag in the java application and i cannot choose a serial port.

i deleted the preference file, but it did not help. i used a fresh sketchbook folder. i was not able to change/see the serial port and it complained com1 was busy. my serial port is /dev/ttyACM0. i closed the application and edited the serial device in the preference file. when i started the application, it automatically had chosen the duemilanove instead of uno and i could see/set the serial port. i changed it to uno and the serial port was gone.

it is not usable at all anymore and the application is really, really slow/nonresponding

sorry, i did not realise that this is an ancient thread. should we open up a new one for this, even if it seems to be related.

also i found that after i manage to upload a sketch without serial output, all seems to be fine again. if i upload one of the basic examples without all seems ok i tried blink and can use the software again. if i upload basic-analogreadserial it is broken again.

i will need serial output soon though. :/.

The Arduino IDE seems to work just fine otherwise. processing.app.SerialException: Error opening serial serial port unless serial monitor is open.

Nov 25, 2012 Fix Ubuntu Error Opening serial port /dev processing.app.SerialException: Error opening serial port /dev Error opening serial port.

Serial Port closes with error when uploading or opening a serial monitor when serial.debug_rate 38400 processing.app.SerialException: Error opening serial port.

2016-01-21

Usb Dfu Device Driver Download Windows 7

Tutorial: Installing DFU-Driver on Windows [24 Feb 2015]

Windows Driver Download Center. Contact US; Manufacturers; Use the links on this page to download the latest version of Apple Recovery DFU USB Driver drivers.

This page contains the driver installation download for Apple Mobile Device DFU on Microsoft Windows 7 Home Download; Apple Recovery DFU USB Driver.

Windows driver: Blues USB DFU Device - windows 7 drivers, Driver download software: Blues USB DFU Device Blues USB DFU Device Driver for Windows 7.

Sorry for the delay in replying, been traveling home

The Spark is alot more complicated than the arduino.. they have lots and lots of code to make everything easy for us, as they need to interface a couple of very complicated chips the STM32 and the CC3000. The web IDE does a really good job at hiding all that from us, much like the arduino program does for the arduino.

When you type your code in the Web IDE, spark build it compiles it into a bin file. then it connects through the web to your core and says hey i have a new bin file for you, here it is and sends it wirelessly which is about as easy as it gets.

The CLI has advantages too.. is quick and simple, with just a few words you can re-flash your core. When you use the CLI its also sending a bin file to the spark core, thats a binary file and just lots and lots of 1 s and 0 s. some of the bin files are known by the CLI like tinker, so you can just put

spark flash 0123456789ABCDEFGHI tinker

and it will know what bin file to flash to your spark core, still wirelessly too. or you could put --usb at the end and do it through USB, which as I m sure you know dfu-util comes in to it all.

If you create a folder on your PC.. c: spark and copy the dfu-util files into it 4 of them in the win32 folder of the zip file, if you run windows then you can copy your bin file into there and run the CLI from that folder. The bin file you can get from the Web IDE look for the cloud next to your current app or you can specify a folder on your computer to compile using

spark compile my_project_folder --saveTo firmware.bin

this will give you the bin file to flash called firmware.bin This is where the CLI is best, its easier to compile a folder of files this way instead of adding each one individually to the web IDE.

personally I m really liking netbeans, once its set up and you know how to add libraries its easy and alot quicker flashing through USB. it has some good tracing things too when you right click you can select go to declaration and see what the function is expecting to receive. and it also highlights bad code as you write it.. its kind of compiling and highlighting errors as you go so to speak. plus its all done offline, which is great because where i work the internet sucks and i cant make the online build work.

to make using the dfu-util easier you can add path variables that means you can use the CLI from any folder on your computer without needing to have the dfu files in that particular folder. for example if you have 3 or 4 projects in 3 or 4 different folders you would probably need to add the dfu files to each folder..

What OS are you running. we can guide you through it step by step

I followed these instructions and am having problems flashing using dfu-util. I had this working at some point in the past but something has evidently changed.

Running dfu-util says

dfu-util 0.8

This program is Free Software and has ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY

Please report bugs to dfu-util lists.gnumonks.org

Found DFU: 1d7f ver 0200, devnum 13, cfg 1, intf 0, alt 1, name SPI Flash :SST25x/0x00000000/512 04Kg, serial 8D8C0F745153

Found DFU: 1d7f ver 0200, devnum 13, cfg 1, intf 0, alt 0, name Internal Flash /0x08000000/20 001Ka,108 001Kg, serial 8D8C0F745153

trying to flash spark flash --usb FIRMWARE gives

Apparently I didn t find a DFU device. util said

Error writing firmware no dfu device found.

Device manager lists one COFE DFU device under libusbK USB Devices which is the CORE DFU

Thoughts.

I tried for hours to get this to work on my windows7 machine. The dfu-util would never see the core. I finally read on another post that the dfu-util doesn t like usb3 ports. I switched to a usb2 port and volia it works.

If dfu-util doesn t see it, change it to a usb2 Port usb3 didn t work for me.

The package provides the installation files for Microsoft Xbox One Controller DFU USB Driver version 6.2.11059.0. In order to manually update your driver, follow.

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2016-01-21

D-link Dbt-122 Driver Download Windows 7

Automatically Update DBT-122 D-Link Click here to begin the Easy Driver Pro download; D-Link DBT-122 driver for Windows XP D-Link DBT-122 driver for Windows.

D-Link Support Resources

Description: D-Link DBT-122 Driver Installer; File Version: 8.5; File Size: 2.33M; Supported OS: Windows 10, Windows 8.1, Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows.

D-Link Australia New Zealand Support Resources

Home

Technical Support

Check Warranty Status

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Download

DBT-122 REV C

Download direct: ftp://files.dlink.com.au/products/DBT-122/REV_C/Drivers

Drivers

Windows 7For Windows 7, no driver is required.This product uses built-in driver in Windows 7.It is Plug n Play.Only Supports Windows 7 32bit

DBT-122 C WinXP64bit Driver 1.0DBT-122 C WinXP64bit Driver.zip 66.83 MB Download

DBT-122 C Win Vista32bit Driver 1.0DBT-122 C Win Vista32bit Driver 1.0.zip 1.48 MB Download

DBT-122 C Driver 5.1.0.1100DBT-122 C Driver v5.1.0.1100.zip 34.64 MB Download

Smartdraw 2012 Keygen Free Download Crack Exe

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Crack Boursier 2008 Wiki

2008 Le Groupe de Bilderberg. Le Groupe de Bilderberg a été fondé par en 1954 à l Hôtel Bilderberg à Osterbeek à l invitation du Prince Bernhard des.

Rumeur BNP PARIBAS France gros client crack boursier les prophéties de Nostradamus entre 2008, 2010 et 2025; cerveau masculin, cerveau féminin en image.

A stock market crash is a sudden dramatic decline of stock prices Mr. Robert Prechter s reversal proved to be the crack that started the Crash of 2008.

Talk:The Times This is the talk page for discussing 3 April 2008 UTC Newspaper of record I might have a crack at this myself in a bit.--.

10 novembre 2008 Yann Geffrotin. Modele Conceptuel Traitement MCT 0. Puisqu il n y a pas d ordre de vente, il ne peut y avoir de crack boursier.

James Cayne a perdu plus de celle-ci en valeur boursière lors du crack boursier de 2007 à 2008 et cédé la foaf.

28 novembre 2008 Yann Geffrotin version Beryl télécharger la brochure : Puisqu il n y a pas d ordre de vente, il ne peut y avoir de crack boursier.

Devancée seulement par le krach de la bourse islandaise de 2008. Le krach boursier a fait baisser d un quart plusieurs grands marchés boursiers entre.

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Krach homonymie.

Pour les articles ayant des titres homophones, voir Krak et Crack.

Ne doit pas être confondu avec Crach ni Crash.

Un krach est un effondrement brutal des valorisations d une classe d actifs, comme un marché financier à la suite d un afflux massif d ordres de vente. Un krach intervient parfois après l éclatement d une bulle spéculative, comme le krach boursier de 2001-2002 après la bulle Internet, et peut prendre une forme larvée comme le krach boursier de juillet et août 2011. L Histoire des bourses de valeurs est jalonnée de krach.

Sommaire

1 Étymologie

2 Causes économiques

2.1 Formation et éclatement des bulles spéculatives

2.2 Impact de l informatique

2.3 Impact des ventes à découvert

2.4 Aspect psychologique des krachs

3 Principaux krachs

3.1 La crise de la tulipe

3.2 Le krach de la bourse viennoise en 1873 Gründerkrach

3.3 Le krach de l Union générale en 1882

3.4 Le krach des banquiers

3.5 Krach de 1929

3.6 Krach d octobre 1987

3.7 Bulle et krach en l absence de bourse, le cas russe des années 1990

3.8 Krach immobilier de 1991

3.9 Crise économique asiatique

3.10 Bulle internet de 2000

3.11 Bulle puis krach de l immobilier américain en 2007 et 2008

3.12 Krach boursier de juillet et août 2011

3.13 Krach boursier de décembre 2013 et janvier 2014

3.14 Krach boursier de 2015 en Chine

4 Notes et références

5 Voir aussi

5.1 Documentaires

6 Articles connexes

6.1 Liens externes

Étymologie modifier modifier le code

Krach signifie en allemand bruit, boucan, et de manière métaphorique catastrophe. Le terme apparaît lors de la chute des bourses de Vienne et de Berlin en été et automne 1873. De fait, les prononciations /krax/ ou /krak/ sont usitées. En anglais, krach est devenu crash ou stockmarket crash. Faisant généralement référence à la Bourse, à l inverse de crise économique, dont la portée est beaucoup plus large, l expression krach boursier semble un pléonasme ; toutefois, le terme originairement allemand krach désigne fréquemment une baisse brutale sur d autres marchés : krach obligataire, krach immobilier, etc.

Causes économiques modifier modifier le code

Formation et éclatement des bulles spéculatives modifier modifier le code

Le phénomène du krach est brutal et spectaculaire. Les cours des actions ou des marchandises baissent brutalement, le nombre de vendeurs excédant largement le nombre d acheteurs. Les vendeurs en arrivent à vouloir ou devoir vendre à n importe quel prix, ce qui précipite la chute des titres.

Cependant, si le krach est brutal, son apparition suit un mécanisme qui s installe sur une période plus longue. Le phénomène débute par une hausse des cours fondée sur une croissance avérée de l économie. Cela attire un grand nombre d investisseurs, souvent des particuliers, qui souhaitent bénéficier de cette hausse. L investissement peut alors se faire en masse sur un grand nombre de valeurs effet grégaire. L afflux de capitaux frais entraîne une envolée boursière. Le phénomène peut alors s amplifier si les investisseurs s endettent pour continuer à profiter de la hausse. Or cette hausse supplémentaire se décale progressivement des résultats réels de l économie : c est alors une bulle spéculative. On arrive alors dans une phase attentiste où seuls les investisseurs les plus avertis sortent de cette bulle. La publication d une statistique sur la surévaluation du marché donne souvent le signal d alarme qui conduit au krach : les investisseurs, souvent des petits porteurs, vendent en masse leurs titres et une course à la liquidité s ensuit.

Impact de l informatique modifier modifier le code

Exemple du flash-Krash du 6 mai 2010, le cours de l indice en bleu représentant l indice SP.

Aujourd hui, le phénomène est largement amplifié par l informatique. En effet, si c est la peur qui conduit les petits porteurs à se débarrasser de leurs titres, ce sont des automates qui gèrent les actions des investisseurs institutionnels.

Pour contrer ce phénomène, les places boursières comme Paris, Londres, Francfort ou Wall Street ont mis en place des garde-fous comme les coupe-circuits. Les clôtures anticipées permettent de fermer les bourses pendant une durée assez longue afin de calmer la panique.

Les flash krash, chutes brutales observées sur des espaces de temps très faibles sont symptomatiques de l influence des programmes informatiques qui renforcent les spirales baissières ou haussières. On en trouve un exemple dans le Flash Crash de 2010, où l indice Dow Jones Industrial Average a perdu 9,2 en l espace de 10 minutes.

Impact des ventes à découvert modifier modifier le code

Les ventes à découvert peuvent tout aussi bien stabiliser les marchés en contrecarrant les cours excessifs que les amplifier en exagérant une baisse au-delà de son fondement réel. Une personne physique ou morale qui ne détient pas de titre, a la possibilité de vendre des titres qu elle ne détient pas, à condition de les racheter ultérieurement.

Les ventes à découvert sont généralement assez encadrées. Par exemple, des dépôts de garantie sont souvent requis. Mais cette gestion des garanties ne se fait pas toujours en temps réel, et peut donc parfois être contournée par des transactions à haute fréquence.

Aspect psychologique des krachs modifier modifier le code

Les krachs, mais aussi les bulles financières, ont aussi pour origine des excès spéculatifs dus à la psychologie des marchés. Ces excès dus en particulier à des mimétismes de comportement des opérateurs est l un des thèmes de la Finance comportementale.

Principaux krachs modifier modifier le code

Voir à ce sujet les tableaux : Liste des crises monétaires et financières

Article détaillé : Histoire des bourses de valeurs.

La crise de la tulipe modifier modifier le code

Au plus fort de la hausse du prix des bulbes de tulipes fantaisie, en 1636, un seul bulbe pouvait valoir l équivalent d un carrosse avec ses deux chevaux et tout leur harnachement. Cependant les économistes modernes ne sont pas tous d accord pour qualifier l épisode de bulle spéculative.

Article détaillé : Tulipomanie.

Le krach de la bourse viennoise en 1873 Gründerkrach modifier modifier le code

À la suite de l unification allemande en 1871, un développement économique et capitalistique très rapide eut lieu de 1871 à 1873, avec la création de nombreuses sociétés. Avec l apparition de la concurrence, les profits stagnèrent et les actions se mirent à baisser dans le monde germanophone à partir de mai 1873. À l été 1873, une banque de Budapest dut faire face aux demandes de remboursement, conduisant peu après plusieurs banques de Vienne à la cessation de paiements. Les épargnants méfiants vidèrent leurs comptes, tandis que la crise se propageait à Berlin en octobre 1873, puis à d autres places européennes et américaines. Par manque de capital, la crise financière devint alors une crise économique.

Le krach de l Union générale en 1882 modifier modifier le code

Article détaillé : Union générale.

Le krach des banquiers modifier modifier le code

Article détaillé : Panique bancaire américaine de 1907.

Krach de 1929 modifier modifier le code

Article détaillé : Krach de 1929.

Avec une capacité de production toujours en hausse et supérieure à la demande, et suite à la diminution des bénéfices de sociétés américaines, les investisseurs cherchent à liquider les actions de ces sociétés qu ils possèdent. Le mécanisme de la baisse à Wall Street s amorce et sur les autres places de marché.

1929 24 octobre jeudi noir - 29 octobre mardi noir : krach - la Bourse perd 25 .

1931 : la crise touche l économie tout entière.

1932 : la Bourse touche le fond après avoir perdu 89 .

1933 : la reprise économique s amorce lentement.

1937 : rechute de l économie.

1941 : entrée en guerre, fin de la crise.

1954 : la Bourse retrouve enfin son niveau d avant le krach 25 ans après.

Krach d octobre 1987 modifier modifier le code

Article détaillé : Krach d octobre 1987.

On appelle parfois Lundi noir la journée du lundi 19 octobre 1987, où l indice Dow Jones de la Bourse de New York s effondra de 22,6 , la seconde plus importante baisse jamais enregistrée en un jour sur un marché d actions, devancée seulement par le krach de la bourse islandaise de 2008.

Bulle et krach en l absence de bourse, le cas russe des années 1990 modifier modifier le code

Des gonflements et effondrements financiers peuvent se produire même en l absence de bourse. L écroulement de la valeur du rouble dans les années 1990 s explique par l énormité des avoirs monétaires de la population russe à la caisse d épargne nationale Sberbank pendant la période communiste. Cela provenait du fait que les salariés ne pouvaient pas dépenser leur argent, les magasins étant vides. Autrement dit, les salaires étaient versés en monnaie de singe sans contrepartie économique au niveau des produits disponibles. Il y avait une bulle de la quantité de monnaie en circulation. Cette monnaie s est révélée presque sans valeur lors de l évolution vers l économie de marché, le cours du rouble s ajustant librement sur le marché des changes de même que le prix des marchandises pour l ajuster à la quantité de monnaie et inciter à développer l offre de produits.

Krach immobilier de 1991 modifier modifier le code

Article détaillé : Marché immobilier français.

Crise économique asiatique modifier modifier le code

Article détaillé : Crise économique asiatique.

Les bourses asiatiques s effondrent lors de la crise asiatique. Cette crise a progressivement des répercussions dans tous les pays émergents.

Bulle internet de 2000 modifier modifier le code

Article détaillé : Bulle Internet.

En avril 2000, le NASDAQ s effondre spéculation, bulle internet. Cette chute se répercutera sur tous les marchés. À Paris, le CAC 40, indice phare des principales valeurs entame en septembre 2000 une dégringolade accentuée par les attentats du 11 septembre 2001 ; elle ne s achèvera qu en mars 2003, l indice passant de 6922 points le 4 septembre 2000 à 2403 points le 12 mars 2003, soit une chute de 65 en deux ans et demi.

Bulle puis krach de l immobilier américain en 2007 et 2008 modifier modifier le code

Articles détaillés : Crise des subprimes, crise financière de 2008 et krach immobilier américain des années 2000.

Indice Case Shiller 2000-2008 des prix immobiliers des principales métropoles US illustrant la bulle puis le krach des années 2007-2008.

Le dégonflement brutal de la bulle de l immobilier aux États-Unis, et principalement des subprimes, accompagné de difficultés de financement du capital-investissement, ont entraîné une crise bancaire et boursière autour du monde qui commence le vendredi 10 août 2007 avec des chutes de 2 à 3 des places Européennes et Asiatiques et ont conduit les places boursières à fermer prématurément et les banques centrales a procéder à de massives injections de liquidités, en principe temporaires 1, dans le système bancaire et financier. Les places asiatiques plongent de 7 à 8 le mercredi 15 août 2007 2. Le lundi 21 janvier 2008, c est le CAC 40, indice phare de la Bourse de Paris, qui chute de 6,83 .

Ce krach avait été anticipé dès février 2007 sur le marché des options à la suite des avertissements du président de la Réserve fédérale américaine, Alan Greenspan 3. Les prix de l immobilier américain, sur douze mois, n ont alors reculé que de 3 , mais cette baisse va ensuite s amplifier à partir de l été 2007. Entre temps, le CAC 40 poursuit sa progression et dépasse le seuil de 6.100 points en mai 2007, avant de commencer une longue descente.

Le lundi 15 septembre 2008, l annonce de la banqueroute de la banque d affaires américaine, Lehman Brothers fait chuter toutes les places financières du monde. À Paris le CAC 40 perd 3,8 mais se reprend les jours qui suivent. La faillite d AIG, leader mondial de l assurance, est annoncée le 15 septembre aussi, mais quelques jours plus tard, il est sauvé de la faillite par la Reserve Fédérale Américaine.

Le lundi 29 septembre 2008 le plan Paulson, un plan de sauvetage de 700 milliards de dollars est rejeté par le congrès américain, ce qui provoque de très fortes chutes dans les places financières américaines et européennes Wall Street ferme avec une baisse de 7 , le Dow Jones perd 777.68 points, le Cac 40 perd 5 . Mais le marché remonte ensuite, en anticipant l adoption du Plan Paulson adopté avec plusieurs amendements démocrates.

Le vrai krach commence le lundi 6 octobre 4 2008. La plupart des bourses mondiales connaissent la plus forte baisse de leur histoire sur une semaine: -22 à Paris, -24 à Tokyo, où une compagnie d assurance fait faillite, et -21 à New-York.

Le lundi noir du 6 octobre fait référence à la crise de 1929 car la plupart des places financières ont enregistré des records de baisse -9,04 à Paris, le Dow Jones américain passant sous les 10.000 points, comme le Nikkeï japonais deux jours après, avec des volumes d affaires gigantesques 6,5 milliards d euros échangés à Paris. Le 8 octobre, après un marché calme le mardi 7, les bourses européennes replongent à nouveau -6,31 à Paris malgré la baisse concertée des taux directeurs de l ensemble des grandes banques centrales à travers le monde.

Cette crise est celle de tous les records pour la bourse de Paris, qui a enregistré successivement sa plus forte hausse quotidienne de son histoire 9,27 le 20 septembre lors du rebond qui a suivi la faillite de Lehman Brothers le 15 septembre et le sauvetage d AIG trois jours plus tard puis sa plus forte baisse quotidienne de son histoire -9,04 le 6 octobre.

Krach boursier de juillet et août 2011 modifier modifier le code

Le krach boursier a fait baisser d un quart plusieurs grands marchés boursiers entre juillet et août, dans le sillage des inquiétudes générées par la crise grecque et des risques de ralentissement marqué de la croissance en Europe et en Amérique du Nord. Le krach boursier de juillet et août 2011 a aussi été amplifiée par les inquiétudes sur la situation des banques.

Krach boursier de décembre 2013 et janvier 2014 modifier modifier le code

La bourse de Tunis a subi l une des plus grande chute dans le monde de la bourse. Tunindex, l indice boursier de la bourse de Tunis, a chuté de -61,32 , ce qui a entraîné la faillite d une société de maçonnerie et une défaillance économique dans le monde arabe. De nombreux projets de rénovation et de construction dans la capitale tunisienne sont retardés et les travaux pour l exposition universelle de 2020 à Dubaï prennent un grand retard.

Krach boursier de 2015 en Chine modifier modifier le code

Voir : Krach boursier de 2015 en Chine

Notes et références modifier modifier le code

La crise des marchés force la BCE à intervenir sur le Figaro

L Asie plonge, durement affectée par la crise du subprime sur RFI

07030105 titre Comment-options-servent-sp C3 A9culer-sur-krach-immobilier-Bourse themeUrl rub Comment les options servent à spéculer sur un krach immobilier

Frédéric Mishkin, Monnaie, banque et marchés financiers, Pearson Education France, 2010.

Voir aussi modifier modifier le code

Documentaires modifier modifier le code

Faites sauter la banque, documentaire de Pascal Vasselin sur les rouages humains et financiers d une bulle spéculative et d un crash, dans l exemple de la crise asiatique de 1997. Diffusé en 2002 sur la chaîne franco-allemande Arte et sur la chaîne britannique BBC.

Articles connexes modifier modifier le code

Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :

Krach, sur le Wiktionnaire

Krach de 1929

Krach du jeu vidéo de 1983.

Présage d Hindenburg

Krach boursier de juillet et août 2011

Histoire des bourses de valeurs

Liens externes modifier modifier le code

Portail de l économie

Portail de la finance

Ce document provient de https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php.title Krach oldid 121567119 .

Catégories : Crise financièreBulle spéculative.

La crise bancaire et financière de l automne 2008 est la seconde phase de la crise financière de 2007-2010, après la crise des subprimes de l été 2007 1 et le temps fort de la crise économique mondiale de 2007-2009. Cette seconde phase 2, marquée par un accroissement de la crise de liquidité et de la crise de confiance et un renchérissement supplémentaire du crédit par une augmentation du taux interbancaire, touche tous les pays du monde. Elle s est rapidement répercutée sur les marchés boursiers par une chute des cours certains parlent du krach de l automne 2008 3 , tandis que le resserrement du crédit pour les entreprises et les ménages pèse sur l activité économique mondiale.

Cette seconde phase est fortement marquée par une crise bancaire qui commence durant la semaine du 14 septembre 2008 lorsque plusieurs établissements financiers américains entrent en cessation de paiement, et sont soit sauvés in extremis par la Réserve fédérale américaine Fed – comme la compagnie d assurance AIG –, soit rachetés par des concurrents en meilleure situation, soit mis en liquidation – comme Lehman Brothers. D autres marquent rétrospectivement le début de cette phase avec la nationalisation de Freddie Mac et Fannie Mae le 6 septembre 2008. En Europe, plusieurs institutions financières sont sauvées par l intervention des États et des banques centrales Banque centrale européenne dans la zone euro : l assureur Internationale Nederlanden Groep est ainsi recapitalisé par l État à hauteur de 10 milliards d euros 4, 5.

Les gouvernements et banques centrales ont réagi de manière plus ou moins concertée à un début de crise systémique, avec l objectif à très court terme de maintenir la continuité du système de paiements et du marché interbancaire qui auraient été très affectés par la faillite de plusieurs grandes banques. À cette fin, les banques centrales ont abaissé leurs taux directeurs et la Fed a élargi sa prise en pension de titres à des actifs risqués ; le gouvernement des États-Unis a repris via une structure de défaisance une partie des actifs toxiques détenus par les banques première phase du Plan Paulson ; des États ont élargi leur garantie des dépôts des particuliers et ont partiellement nationalisé des institutions bancaires en faillite ou proches de l être en particulier au Royaume-Uni, où huit banques ont été concernées. Les pays les plus exposés à la crise, en particulier parce qu ils sont endettés en monnaie étrangère comme l Islande et l Ukraine, ont connu une forte dévaluation de leur monnaie et sont entrés dans une situation de cessation de paiement, qu une aide financière du FMI a résolue.

Cette aggravation de la crise financière a fortement accentué la récession entamée début 2008, visible par la dégradation rapide des prévisions économiques d activité pour 2009, poussant les gouvernements à engager des plans de relance financés par la dette. Les discussions concernant la régulation des activités financières se sont accentuées, notamment au cours du sommet du G20 de novembre 2008.

Sommaire

1 Calendrier

1.1 Automne 2008, phase aiguë de la crise financière de 2007-2008

1.1.1 Septembre 2008

1.1.2 Octobre 2008

1.1.3 Novembre 2008

1.1.4 Décembre 2008

1.1.5 Janvier 2009

1.2 Les plans de sauvetage septembre et octobre 2008

1.3 Sauvetage des banques : acte II

1.3.1 Janvier

1.3.2 Février

2 L aggravation de la situation économique mondiale

2.1 Une crise économique qui tend à devenir mondiale

3 La question des mesures structurelles visant à modifier l architecture financière et bancaire

3.1 Le sommet du G20 à Washington de la mi-novembre 2008

3.2 La réflexion des économistes sur la nouvelle structure financière internationale

3.2.1 L e-book édité par Barry Eichengreen et Richard Baldwin

4 Notes et références

4.1 Notes

4.2 Références

5 Annexes

5.1 Articles connexes

5.2 Bibliographie

5.3 Liens externes

Calendrier modifier modifier le code

Automne 2008, phase aiguë de la crise financière de 2007-2008 modifier modifier le code

Article connexe : Crise financière mondiale débutant en 2007.

Article connexe : Histoire des bourses de valeurs.

La crise financière a débuté au cours de l été 2007 avec la crise des subprimes 6. Bien que quelques faillites aient été provoquées en 2007 et début 2008, dont celle de New Century en, no 2 du subprime 7, ou celle de la 5e banque de Wall Street 8, Bear Stearns, rachetée le 16 mars 2008 par JPMorgan Chase avec l aide de la Fed, la situation s est aggravée très rapidement au début du mois de septembre 2008. Fannie Mae et Freddie Mac, deux organismes semi-étatiques chargés du refinancement des prêts immobiliers aux ménages, vont commencer à connaître de graves difficultés. Les évènements vont alors se précipiter et la faillite de Lehman Brothers aggravera grandement la situation. Le paysage bancaire sera profondément modifié tandis que les places boursières connaîtront de fortes variations du 01/01/2008 au 24/10/2008, le CAC 40 baisse de 43,11 , le Dax Allemagne de 46,75 , le FTSE 100 Royaume-Uni de 39,86 , le Nikkei Japon de 50,03 et le Dow Jones États-Unis de 36,83 9.

Septembre 2008 modifier modifier le code

Niveau moyen du Dow Jones Industrial, entre janvier 2006 et novembre 2008 10.

Le 7 septembre, Freddie Mac et Fanny Mae sont mises sous tutelle. Ces deux institutions qui assurent ou garantissent près de 5 300 milliards de dollars de prêts soit 40 environ de l encours de crédit immobilier américain sont considérées comme trop grandes pour faire faillite 11. Le Trésor américain envisage d y investir 200 milliards USD 11 pour les sauver.

Le 12 septembre 2008, l allemande Deutsche Postbank, filiale de Deutsche Post, est rachetée par sa compatriote la Deutsche Bank pour 9,3 milliards d euros.

Le 15 septembre 2008, Lehman Brothers se déclare en faillite après que Bank of America et la Barclays, qui étaient intéressées par son rachat, se furent retirées du dossier, faute de garanties données par les autorités fédérales. Bank of America rachète alors Merril Lynch 50 milliards de dollars. Cette dernière est en effet à court de liquidités après avoir perdu 57 milliards de dollars depuis l été 2007. La faillite de Lehman Brothers ébranle le système financier mondial 12. Cette faillite qui constituerait la banqueroute la plus importante de toute l histoire financière des États-Unis 13 provoque un affolement des bourses mondiales où les actions du secteur bancaire plongent de plus de 7 à Londres la Barclays perd 8,20 et à Paris la Société générale 7,63 . Pour apaiser les tensions, la Banque centrale européenne annonce un appel d offres rapide 14. La Fed et le département du Trésor des États-Unis seront par la suite accusés 15 d avoir aggravé la crise en ne sauvant pas Lehman Brothers dont la faillite a provoqué un début de crise systémique.

Le 16 septembre 2008, AIG, premier assureur américain, est sauvé par l État au prix d un prêt de 85 milliards de dollars accordé par la Fed et d une nationalisation du capital à hauteur de près de 80 16. En effet, la Fed le considère comme too risky to fail c est-à-dire que sa faillite aurait fait courir de grand risque aux marchés et à l économie 17.

À partir du 16 septembre 2008, la britannique Barclays et la japonaise Nomura rachètent les actifs de Lehman Brothers qui s est déclaré en faillite le week-end des 13-14 septembre.

Morgan Stanley voit fin septembre l entrée à son capital 21 des actions pour 9 milliards de dollars de la plus grande banque japonaise, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group MUFG.

Le 19 septembre 2008, la banque britannique Halifax-Bank of Scotland HBOS est rachetée pour 12,2 milliards de dollars par la Lloyds TSB 18.

Le 25 septembre 2008, Washington Mutual, l une des premières caisses d épargne américaines, a été saisie et l essentiel des actifs seront revendus à JPMorgan Chase, pour 1,9 milliard de dollars, qui devient alors la première banque américaine par l actif sous gestion.

Le 28 septembre 2008, la banque du Benelux Fortis, est nationalisée partiellement, les trois États du Benelux apportant 11,2 milliards d euros de capitaux propres pour 49 du capital 19.

Le 28 septembre 2008 également, la banque britannique Bradford Bingley, spécialisée en crédit immobilier, est nationalisée. Son réseau bancaire est racheté par l espagnol Banco Santander pour 773 millions d euros déjà propriétaire d Abbey et d Alliance Leicester acheté fin 2007 pour un prix qui s avère, en septembre 2008, de 1,6 milliard d euros 20.

Le 28 septembre toujours, la banque allemande Hypo Real Estate, spécialisée dans le financement de l immobilier, est sauvée par un plan d urgence de 35 milliards d euros qui doit permettre une liquidation dans l ordre et non en catastrophe 21.

Le 30 septembre, la première banque mondiale pour le financement des collectivités locales, la franco-belge Dexia, lève 6,4 milliards d euros auprès des gouvernements belges, français et luxembourgeois ainsi qu auprès des actionnaires existants.

Octobre 2008 modifier modifier le code

Le 3 octobre 2008, Wachovia est rachetée, pour 15 milliards de par Wells Fargo, redonnant à ce dernier la première place mondiale 22.

Le 5 octobre 2008, Unicrédit, première banque d Italie, fait appel au marché pour 6,3 milliards d euros 23.

Le 5 octobre 2008, BNP Paribas prend le contrôle de Fortis en Belgique et au Luxembourg pour 14,7 milliards d euros, tandis que l État belge devient le premier actionnaire du groupe français 24.

Le 6 octobre 2008, le gouvernement allemand 25 a obtenu du secteur bancaire et de l assurance qu il accorde une ligne de crédit supplémentaire de 15 milliards d euros à Hypo Real Estate 26.

Le 8 octobre, sept banques britanniques Barclays, HBOS, Royal Bank of Scotland, Lloyds TSB, Standard Chartered, Nationwide et Abbey filiale de Santander sont partiellement nationalisées, la banque HSBC refuse néanmoins l aide du gouvernement anglais. Il faut entendre par là qu en échange d une entrée dans leur capital, et d une garantie du Trésor sur les emprunts obligataires de 250 milliards de livres, le gouvernement britannique entend notamment peser sur la politique des dividendes, sur les rémunérations des dirigeants, ainsi que sur la distribution de crédit aux petites entreprises et aux acquéreurs immobiliers 27

Le 9 octobre 2008, l assureur japonais Yamato Life se déclare en faillite 28.

Novembre 2008 modifier modifier le code

Le 3 novembre, Le Figaro titre que les actionnaires ont perdu 20 000 milliards de dollars entre la fin 2007 et le 29 octobre 2008 soit l équivalent de la moitié des richesses produites en un an sur la planète ou dix fois le produit intérieur brut de la France 29. Le Monde des 26-27 octobre faisait état de 25 000 milliards de dollars évanouis et d une perte de presque la moitié de la capitalisation boursière des grandes places financières 30.

Le 23 novembre, le gouvernement américain, pour aider Citigroup, lance un plan d urgence prévoyant une injection de capital de 20 milliards de dollars et une garantie pour les actifs risqués à hauteur de 306 milliards de dollars 31.

Le 27 novembre, la chaîne de magasins britannique Woolworths est placée sous administration judiciaire 32. Woolworths qui emploie 30 000 personnes dans 800 magasins, est endetté à hauteur de 400 millions d euros.

Décembre 2008 modifier modifier le code

Le schéma de Ponzi mis en place par Bernard Madoff s écroule au milieu de ce climat délétère pour le monde de la finance, ce qui l associe en tant qu évènement symbolique. 65 milliards de dollars sont en jeu, Madoff sera condamné à 150 ans de prison.

Le 12 décembre, Bernard Madoff, ancien patron du NASDAQ, est arrêté par le FBI et mis en examen pour une fraude qui pourrait atteindre les 50 milliards de dollars 33, 34.

Le 19 décembre, le gouvernement des États-Unis d Amérique annonce qu il est prêt à débloquer 17,4 milliards de dollars pour sauver les constructeurs de voitures General Motors, Chrysler et éventuellement Ford, proches de la faillite. À cours de liquidités, General Motors reçoit immédiatement 9,4 milliards de dollars et Chrysler 4 milliards. La somme est prise sur les 700 milliards de dollars du plan Paulson prévus pour le sauvetage des banques américaine 35.

Le 20 décembre, la banque allemande Hypo Real Estate annonce qu elle va se séparer de plus de la moitié de ses effectifs 36.

Janvier 2009 modifier modifier le code

Le 6 janvier 2009, Alcoa, le producteur américain d aluminium, numéro un mondial du secteur, annonce qu il va supprimer 13 500 emplois et réduire de 18 sa production 37.

Les plans de sauvetage septembre et octobre 2008 modifier modifier le code

Des plans de sauvetage du secteur bancaire menacé de défaillances en chaîne vont être lancés aux États-Unis, dans les pays européens et dans de nombreux autres pays du monde. Ces plans ont le plus souvent deux grands acteurs : les gouvernements et les banques centrales institutions indépendantes des gouvernements aux États-Unis et dans la zone euro. Par ailleurs aux États-Unis le FBI, qui dispose de très peu d agents chargés de la délinquance en col blanc 38, a été chargé d enquêter sur un certain nombre de groupes dont Lehman Brothers, AIG, Freddie Mac et Fanny Mae et de fraudes possibles 38.

Les banques centrales vont agir d au moins deux façons différentes, en abaissant les taux directeurs et prenant en pension des actifs parfois risqués des institutions financières en difficulté. Par exemple, début octobre la Fed a doublé le niveau de liquidité mises à la disposition des banques, la portant à 9 000 milliards de dollars. Mais cette façon de faire peut à terme affecter la solidité des banques centrales. Dans cet esprit, Kenneth Rogoff dans un article publié dans le journal Les Échos, s inquiète des risques pris par les banques centrales. Par ailleurs, il estime qu il est temps d admettre que l industrie financière n est pas simplement victime d une panique spéculative sur l immobilier mais subit des changements de fond 39. Dans une perspective plus tournée vers le futur, Les banques centrales et au premier rang la Fed ont commencé à réfléchir à la nouvelle architecture financière mondiale. Les 23 et 24 août 2008 lors d une réunion à Jackson Hole dans le Wyoming Ben Bernanke président de la banque centrale américaine Fed a proposé une évolution de la réglementation et de la supervision des banques 40. Par ailleurs, début octobre, cette institution a commencé à étudier avec un petit nombre des banques la création d une chambre de compensation sur le marché des Credits default swaps 41.

Pour enrayer la crise systémique, les États-Unis ont lancé le plan Paulson. Le secrétaire du Trésor des États-Unis Henry Paulson a annoncé le 18 septembre 2008 que l État américain allait mettre en place une structure de défaisance qui achètera aux institutions financières et gérera des actifs toxiques notamment les dérivés de crédits subprime qu elles ont en portefeuille, annonçant un montant global d environ 700 milliards de dollars américains. La dette nette des États-Unis passerait ainsi de 10 600 à 11 300 milliards de dollars 42.

Les défaillances bancaires apparaissant en Europe Dexia, Fortis, Hypo Real Estate, les États européens sont à leur tour intervenus en octobre 2008, annonçant des plans de grande ampleur comprenant à la fois des garanties étatiques pour le refinancement le gros des montants annoncés, mais aussi des mesures de recapitalisation menées par les États, pouvant conduire de facto à la nationalisation de banques Royaume-Uni en particulier. Le mouvement a été lancé par le plan du gouvernement britannique de Gordon Brown suivi par les autres États autour du week-end des 11-12 octobre. Les principaux plans sont 43 :

France : opérations des banques garanties par l État pour 320 milliards d euros et aide à la recapitalisation des banques pour 40 milliards d euros ;

Allemagne : opérations des banques garanties par l État pour 400 milliards d euros et aide à la recapitalisation des banques pour 80 milliards ;

Grande-Bretagne : Opérations des banques garanties par l État pour 320 milliards d euros et aide à la recapitalisation des banques pour 64 milliards ;

Suisse : recapitalisation de l UBS par l État pour 3,9 milliards d euros et fonds d achat d actifs bancaire pour 40 milliards d euros ;

Inde : aide au marché financier de 9 milliards d euros ;

Chine : baisse des taux d intérêts ;

Singapour : fonds de 75 milliards d euros pour garantir tous les dépôts bancaires ;

Arabie saoudite : aide aux banques de 30 milliards d euros et baisse des taux d intérêts par la banque centrale.

À la suite des plans européens, l État fédéral américain a à son tour annoncé un plan de recapitalisation des banques. Il devait utiliser 185 milliards d euros pour entrer au capital de neuf banques : Citigroup, Wells Fargo, JP Morgan Chase, bank of America 44.

Sauvetage des banques : acte II modifier modifier le code

Début janvier, malgré les plans de sauvetage la crise bancaire ne semble pas circonscrite obligeant les gouvernements à agir.

Janvier modifier modifier le code

Le 7 janvier 2009 en France, le chef de l État annonce un nouveau soutien aux banques d un montant estimé à 10,5 millards d euros 45.

le 8 janvier, la Commerzbank est recapitalisée à hauteur de 10 milliards d euros par le gouvernement allemand 46.

Autour du 15 janvier, la Deutsche Bank annonce des pertes et provoque une forte baisse en bourse des banques européennes 47.

Le 19 janvier, à la suite des pertes de Citibank et de Bank of America, les États-Unis envisagent la création d une banque regroupant les actifs toxiques Bad Bank 48.

Le 19 janvier Gordon Brown présente un nouveau plan 49. Ce jour là la Royal Bank of Scotland annonce des pertes de 30 milliards d euros 50.

le 20 janvier les valeurs financières baissent de 15 à Wall Street. La crise bancaire devient un sujet prioritaire pour le nouveau gouvernement américain 51.

Autour du 20 janvier, polémique en France sur les bonus des patrons des banques 52.

28 janvier le FMI dans son Rapport sur la stabilité financière dans le monde 53 évalue les risques de dépréciation des actifs de crédit détenus par les banques à 2 200 milliards de dollars, en hausse de 800 milliards par rapport à ses estimations d octobre 2008. Pour Olivier Blanchard, chef économiste du FMI, les banques auraient besoin d un apport de fonds propres de 500 milliards 54. En accusation les produits financiers risqués, aujourd hui décriés pour leur toxicité qui comprennent pour l essentiel des dérivés complexes de crédit échangés de gré à gré sur des marchés dérégulés 54. Pour le FMI, il convient de procéder à la recapitalisation des établissements financiers et de s occuper des actifs compromis en inscrivant les actions immédiates dans une vision de long terme reposant sur des règles claires et cohérentes et sur la coopération internationale 55.

Février modifier modifier le code

10 février, les États-Unis présentent un plan de stabilité financière comprenant 56 : un Financial Stability Trust pour consolider les fonds propres des banques qui en auraient besoin, un fonds d investissement public privé pour délester les banques de leurs actifs toxiques, un Consumer and Business Lending Initiative pour relancer les prêts aux consommateurs et aux petites entreprises, et enfin des fonds doivent servir à éviter les saisies immobilières. L enveloppe affectée à ce plan peut aller jusqu à 2 000 milliards de dollars, financée par le Trésor et la Fed.

22 février, le gouvernement britannique a consacré dans les mois précédents 105 milliards de livres 118,4 milliards d euros au sauvetage des banques 57.

L aggravation de la situation économique mondiale modifier modifier le code

Article détaillé : Crise économique mondiale des années 2008 et suivantes.

Une crise économique qui tend à devenir mondiale modifier modifier le code

Le renforcement de la crise financière a été un facteur d aggravation et de propagation de la crise économique, via la crise de liquidité, le resserrement du crédit et l effet richesse la forte baisse de valeur des actifs boursiers réduit la valeur de l épargne de ceux qui détiennent ces actifs, et les incite à épargner davantage – et donc à moins consommer – pour reconstituer leur épargne. L économie de tous les pays est touchée de manière plus ou moins prononcée, via une réduction de la croissance économique et une hausse du chômage.

Avant le renforcement de la crise financière, l OCDE prévoyait déjà une récession dans certains pays de sa zone. En novembre 2008, cette institution a publié des estimations et prévisions selon lesquelles plusieurs pays membres entre autres la Zone Euro, les États-Unis et le Japon auraient une croissance négative en 2009 et connaîtraient une remontée du chômage, le nombre de chômeurs des pays membres passant de 34 millions à l automne 2008 à 42 millions en 2010 58. Elle ne prévoit pas de reprise avant le second semestre 2010 58, 59.

Cette crise a également montré qu il n y aurait pas de découplage entre les cycles économiques et financiers des pays développés et ceux du reste de la planète 60. En effet le ralentissement en Europe et aux États-Unis se transmet aux autres par le biais d importations moindre 61. Par ailleurs la crise économique a entraîné une baisse des cours des matières premières pétrole, etc. qui affecte notamment l Argentine, l Afrique et la Russie 62. Enfin ces pays sont également directement affectés par la crise financière d une part parce qu ils subissent les effets du resserrement du crédit, par les problèmes que connaissent leur système bancaire et par le fait que de nombreux pays qui ne disposent pas d une monnaie considérée comme sûre voient la crise financière se doubler d une crise monétaire d autant qu ils ont parfois empruntés en devises étrangères. C est notamment le cas de l Islande voir crise financière de 2008 en Islande et de l Ukraine, qui étaient fortement endettés à l international en monnaie étrangère, qui les a rendu vulnérables à une chute du taux de change de leur propre monnaie.

La question des mesures structurelles visant à modifier l architecture financière et bancaire modifier modifier le code

Article détaillé : Débat sur l intervention étatique dans le secteur financier.

Des modifications de la régulation financière aux échelles nationale et internationale sont envisagées et discutées depuis le début de la crise financière de 2007-2008. L aggravation de la crise au cours de l automne 2008 et a renforcé les discussions entre les gouvernements.

Christian de Boissieu et Jean-Hervé Lorenzi dans un article du journal Le Monde d octobre 2008 63 estiment que L heure, aujourd hui, est à la refondation du système bancaire et financier international et en appellent à un Bretton Woods financier. L expression est contestée par certains comme Philippe Chalmin 64 qui craint la résurgence de l idée de monnaie internationale et approuvés par d autres tels Martin Wolf 65 éditorialiste au Financial Times qui prône une meilleure coopération internationale. Du fait du poids grandissant des pays émergents dans l économie mondiale Chine, Brésil, Inde et de la position très fortement créditrice de la Chine, la discussion des problèmes économiques et financiers, généralement pratiquée au sein du G8, est élargie au groupe des 20 principaux pays, le G20 pour la réunion du 15 novembre à Washington. Un des problèmes sous-jacents aux réflexions sur la nouvelle architecture financière mondiale est de réduire les déséquilibres de balance courante tel le large déficit américain et de renforcer ainsi la légitimité des institutions internationales 65.

Le sommet du G20 à Washington de la mi-novembre 2008 modifier modifier le code

D après le communiqué final 66 la crise résulterait d un manque de coopération économique, de problèmes d évaluation des risques, de normes comptables peu adaptées et disparates, et de déficiences quant à la surveillance des marchés 67. Le sommet du G20 a condamné la tentation protectionniste et a recommandé dans son communiqué final des mesures budgétaires pour stimuler la demande interne avec des résultats rapides , il souligne aussi L importance du soutien que la politique monétaire peut apporter dans les conditions appropriées à chaque pays 68.

Sur la question de la nouvelle architecture financière internationale, le G20 a décidé de se réunir à Londres fin mars début avril et de lancer un certain nombre d études visant :

à améliorer la transparence et les systèmes comptables au niveau notamment de l IASB ;

à renforcer le contrôle prudentiel par une révision des normes régissant les agences de notation et par un examen des risques liés aux Credit default swaps ;

à améliorer la gestion du risque en mettant au point de nouveaux modèles et en révisant les régimes de rémunérations des traders ;

à améliorer la supervision des marchés en renforçant la coopération entre les instances nationales et en renforçant la surveillance des grandes sociétés financières internationales ;

à améliorer la régulation en demandant au Fonds monétaire international FMI et au Forum de stabilité financière de formuler des recommandations pour limiter les effets cycliques de la finance ;

à renforcer la capacité des institutions financières internationales à aider les économies en difficulté 69.

Dans les faits, ce nouveau sommet est programmé à Londres le 2 avril 2009 avec l objectif plus général de renforcer la coordination principalement dans quatre domaines: plans de relance économique, assainissement du système bancaire, dispositifs et règles de surveillance du secteur financier et aide aux pays émergents les plus touchés par la crise.

La réflexion des économistes sur la nouvelle structure financière internationale modifier modifier le code

L e-book édité par Barry Eichengreen et Richard Baldwin modifier modifier le code

La crise a surpris les économistes. Aussi, pour nourrir la réflexion, Barry Eichengreen et Richard Baldwin ont demandé, dans le cadre du Centre for Economic Policy Research à des économistes de réputation internationale World Class Economists Alberto Alesina, Erik Berglöf, Willem Buiter, Guillermo Calvo, Stijn Claessens, Paul De Grauwe, Wendy Dobson, Barry Eichengreen, Daniel Gros, Refet Gürkaynak, Takatoshi Ito, Vijay Joshi, Yung Chul Park, Raghuram Rajan, Dani Rodrik, Michael Spence, Guido Tabellini, David Vines, Ernesto Zedillo et Jeromin Zettelmeyer de rédiger un court article sur le thème What G20 leaders must do to stabilise our economy and fix the financial system 70 .

Notes et références modifier modifier le code

Notes modifier modifier le code

Références modifier modifier le code

Un journaliste a parlé de panique financière : Guillaume Duval, La crise jusqu où., Alternatives économiques no 275 de décembre 2008

Opinion de Michel Aglietta cité dans : Le bilan de la présidence française de l UE passé au crible 1/3 , La Tribune, 19 décembre 2008 consulté le 23 décembre 2008

Voir article d Olivier Pastré La crise des subprimes et ses conséquences Questions internationales no 34, novembre-décembre 2008, p. 26

Dutch ING Receives 10 Billion Euros in State Aid, Deutsche Welle, 19 octobre 2008

Manuel Riesco, Séisme sur les retraites en Argentine et au Chili, Le Monde diplomatique, décembre 2008

Dominique Doise, associé du cabinet d avocats Alérion, in Subprime : le prix des transgressions/ Subprime: Price of infringments, Revue de droit des Affaires internationales RDAI / International Business Law Journal IBLJ, no 4, 2008 lire en ligne

Laurent Thevenin, L ampleur de la crise financière bouleverse le paysage bancaire international , Les Échos du 1/10/2008

Bear Stearns devrait être racheté par JPMorgan Chase, Les Échos, 14 mars 2008

Le Monde du 27/10/2008, p. 10

World-Crisis.net -- Global Financial Crisis - Dow Jones Industrial

a et b Chiffres et citation voir Les Échos, p. 13, vendredi 3 et samedi 4 octobre 2008

Les informations précédentes et la citation viennent de l article de Sylvain Cypel, Le Monde du 16/09/2008

Sylvain Cypel, Ibid, p. 13

La source des chiffres est l article de Claire Gatinois, Les bourses mondiales s affolent, Le Monde du 16/09/2008

Voir interview de Joseph Perrella PDG de Perella Weinberg Partners Laisser Lehman Brothers faire faillite a été une erreur majeure Les Échos du 29 octobre 2008

Oddo Securities, Morning Credit du 17 septembre 2008, p. 5

Pierre de Gesquet, AIG au bord du gouffre, Les Échos du vendredi 3 et du samedi 4 octobre 2008

Fusion catastrophe entre HBOS et sa rivale, la Lloyds Libération

De Fortis à Bradford, la finance européenne touchée à son tour par la crise

Les Échos, 30 septembre 2008, page 33

Les Échos, 30 septembre 2008, p. 33

Presse Canadienne et AFP, 13 septembre 2008

Unicredit: l appel au marché fait chuter le cours

BNP Paribas reprend d importants actifs de Fortis pour 15 milliards d euros

Hypo Real Estate : Berlin évite la faillite La Tribune

Le communiqué Hypo Real Estate en anglais

Isabelle Chaperon, Gordon Brown décide de la nationalisation partielle de banques britanniques Les Échos du jeudi 9 octobre 2008

Faillite de l assureur japonais Yamato Life

Hervé Rousseau, Les actionnaires ont perdu 20 000 milliards de dollars , Le Figaro du 3/11/2008

Le Monde, dimanche 26 et lundi 27 octobre 2008

Pierre-Antoine Delhommais et Marc Roche, Washington sauve dans l urgence le géant Citigroup, Le Monde du 25/11/2008

Les magasins Woolworths fauchés par la récession, Le Figaro, 27 novembre 2008.

Bernard Madoff, ancien patron du Nasdaq, accusé d une gigantesque fraude. , Le Point, 12 décembre 2008.

Une légende de Wall Street inculpée d une fraude qui pourrait atteindre 50 milliards de dollars. , Le Monde, 12 décembre 2008.

Automobile : la Maison-Blanche débloque 17 milliards de dollars. , Le Figaro, 19 décembre 2008.

Crise : la banque allemande Hypo Real Estate supprime la moitié de ses effectifs. , Le Point, 20 décembre 2008.

Alcoa va supprimer 13.500 emplois et réduire sa production , La Tribune, 6 janvier 2009 lire en ligne

a et b Erich Lichtblau, David Johnston et Ron Nixon, F.B.I. Struggles to Handle Financial Fraud Cases, New York Times, 18 octobre 2008.

Kenneth Rogoff, Un plan B pour les banques centrales . , Les Échos du 15 septembre 2008

Les Échos, p. 13, vendredi 3 et samedi 4 octobre 2008

Pierre de Gasquet, Le Trésor américain et la Réserve fédérale font tout pour éviter une crise de liquidité Les Échos du 7 octobre 2008

2 000 dollars par Américain , Libération, 22 septembre 2008

Le Monde, 19-20 octobre 2008, page 15, sauf mention contraire.

Le Monde, 19-20 octobre 2008, page 15

Anne Michel, L État est décidé à injecter de nouveau de l argent public dans les banques , Le Monde, 9 janvier 2009

Le gouvernement allemand vient au secours de Commerzbank , Les Échos, 9 et 10 janvier 2009

Deutsche Bank affiche ses premières pertes annuelles depuis cinquante ans , Les Échos, 15 janvier 2009

Virginie Robert, La création d une banque publique regroupant les actifs toxiques est à l étude aux États-Unis , Les Échos, 19 janvier 2009

Sauvetage des banques européennes : acte II , Le Monde, 23 janvier 2009

Anne Michel, Le système bancaire reste désespérément asphyxié , Le Monde, 21 janvier 2009

Virinie Robert, La crise bancaire est devenue la première urgence d Obama, Les Échos du 22 janvier 2009

Réjane Reibaud et Guillaume Maujean, Bonus des patrons de banques : la polémique enfle Les Échos, 20 janvier 2009

Rapport sur la stabilité financière dans le monde - FMI, 28 janvier 2009 PDF

a et b Mathieu Rosemain, Le FMI estime les pertes des banques à 2 200 milliards de dollars , Les Échos du 29 janvier 2009

FMI, Rapport sur la stabilité financière dans le monde, p. 5-6

Virginie Robert et Pierre de Gasquet, Geithner annonce un plan de stabilité financières jusqu à 2 000 milliards de dollars , Les Échos, du 11 février 2009

Virginie Malingre, Au Royaume-Uni, le sauvetage des banques passe avant le développement durable , Le Monde, 22-23 février 2009

a et b Voir Communiqué de l OCDE

Le Monde du 26/11/2008, L OCDE craint 8 millions de chômeurs supplémentaires en 2010

Sandra Moatti, La mondialisation de la crise, Alternative économiques, no 275, décembre 2008, p. 14

Ibid, p. 14

Ibid, p. 15

Christian de Boissieu, Jean-Hervé Lorenzi, Un nouveau Bretton Woods , Le Monde du 08/10/08

Philippe Chalmin, l illusion d une nouveau Bretton Woods , Le Monde du 7/10/2008

a et b Martin Wolf, Un nouveau Bretton Woods . Un impératif vital , Le Monde du 11/11/2008

en Statement From G-20 Summit - The New York Times, 15 novembre 2008

Pierre-Yves Dugua, Le G20 prône la relance par tous les moyens , Le Figaro Économie, 17 novembre 2008

Les citations sont extraites de l article de Pierre-Yves Dugua, Le G20 prône la relance par tous les moyens , Le Figaro Économie, 17 novembre 2008

Jean-Pierre Robin, La nouvelle architecture financière internationale continuera de séparer le superviseur et le régulateur, le FMI et le FSF , Le Figaro Économie, 17 novembre 2008

Annexes modifier modifier le code

Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :

La crise économique de 2008, sur Wikinews

Articles connexes modifier modifier le code

Crise de la dette dans la zone euro

Crise des subprimes

Crise financière de 2007-2010

Liste des crises monétaires et financières

Chronologie des banques en Europe

Récession économique

Crise monétaire

Crise financière

crise économique

Choc alimentaire

Plan de sauvetage bancaire du Royaume-Uni en 2008

Joseph Cassano

Histoire des bourses de valeurs

Bibliographie modifier modifier le code

Paul Jorion, Vers la crise du capitalisme américain ., La Découverte, Paris, 2007 ISBN 978-2-7071-5092-9

Paul Jorion, L implosion. La finance contre l économie : ce qu annonce et révèle la crise des subprimes, Fayard, Paris, 2008 ISBN 978-2-213-63741-9

Jean-Michel Quatrepoint, La Crise globale, Mille et une Nuits, Paris, 2008

Olivier Pastré, Jean-Marc Sylvestre, Le Roman vrai de la crise financière, Perrin, 2008 ISBN 978-2-262-02885-5

Patrick Artus, Marie-Paule Virard, Globalisation, le pire est à venir, La Découverte, 2008

Jacques Attali, 2008, La crise et après ., Fayard

Michel Aglietta, La Crise-Pourquoi on en est arrivé là. Comment s en sortir, éd. Michalon, 2008

Mathieu Pigasse et Gilles Finchelstein, 2009, Le monde d après Une crise sans précédent, ed Plon. Cet ouvrage présente en annexe un glossaire très compréhensible du vocabulaire à connaître pour comprendre la crise comme les CDO Collaterized Debt Obligation, les CDS Credit Default Swap

Dominique Doise, Subprime : le prix des transgressions/ Subprime: Price of infringments, Revue de droit des affaires internationales RDAI / International Business Law Journal IBLJ, no 4, 2008 lire en ligne

Patrick Artus, Jean-Paul Betbèze, Christian de Boissieu et Gunther Capelle-Blancard, La crise des subprimes Conseil d analyse économique, septembre 2008b lire en ligne PDF

Regards sur la crise. Réflexions pour comprendre la crise et en sortir, ouvrage collectif dirigé par Antoine Mercier avec Alain Badiou, Miguel Benasayag, Rémi Brague, Dany-Robert Dufour, Alain Finkielkraut, Élisabeth de Fontenay, Annie Le Brun, Jean-Pierre Le Goff, Claudia Moatti, Marie-José Mondzain, Marc-Alain Ouaknin, Michèle Riot-Sarcey, Michel Schneider, Bernard Stiegler, Paul Thibaud, Paul Virilio, Jean-Pierre Winter, Paris, Éditions Hermann, 2010

Dossiers

Problèmes économiques, Quelle banque après la crise, La Documentation française, 10 décembre 2008

Questions Internationales, Mondialisation et crises financières, La Documentation française, novembre et décembre 2008

Liens externes modifier modifier le code

mul Observatoire du BIT sur la crise de l emploi

Europe sociale : 2010, l année de tous les risques . - Pierre Verluise Docteur en géopolitique, Diploweb.com, 26 mars 2010

Portail de l économie

Portail de la finance

Portail des années 2000

Portail du capitalisme

Ce document provient de https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php.title Crise_bancaire_et_financière_de_l 27automne_2008 oldid 121421146 .

Catégories : Crise économique commencée en 2008Histoire du capitalismeHistoire économique des États-Unis2008 en économieCrise financièreHistoire de la finance.

Par Jules Dufour pour Mondialisation.ca, Le 22 juillet 2008 Les guerres d occupation de l Afghanistan et de l Irak se poursuivent avec leurs cortèges de morts.

2016-01-21

Dce End Serial Cable

Mustafiz, whether using PT or real routers, when we connect routers like this, its called a serial back to back connection. Its only done in labs to simulate a WAN its actually a kind of crossover cable. In the real world there would be some kind of intervening device, such as a CSU/DSU.

Its the CABLE itself that determines which end of the link is DCE or DTE.

So, in packet tracer do this: connect two routers using the serial cable that has the little clock icon on it. You don t need to add IP addresses, just issue the no shutdown command on each serial interface.

Now, on the side that has the little clock icon, run the show controllers command, like this:

Router show controllers s0/0/0 or whatever serial you have

Interface Serial0/0/0

Hardware is PowerQUICC MPC860

DCE V.35, clock rate 2000000

Then run the same command on the other end of the linkwhat do you see.

Last, flip the cable and run the commands again.

Hi Amir,

If both are Down Down, then there should be a layer1 issue. Try tracing the cable to check whether its damaged. Try it in a different port. If still the issue, try replacing with a new one.

Also, to remind you again, check whether its getting up, after giving the command no shut at both interface.

HTH.

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Data terminal equipment DTE is an end V.35 is a high-speed serial This communication is done via an Ethernet crossover cable as opposed to a PC to DCE.

2016-01-21

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2016-01-21

My Voice Software Serial Number

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2016-01-21

Samsung Syncmaster 943bw Driver

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It seems that the Bud driver and the Pepsi man are neighbors. Bud called. Pepsi called his boss who told him to pull all Pepsi products.

It seems that the Bud driver and the Pepsi man are neighbors. Bud driver called Pepsi driver Snopes and the snopes.com logo are registered service marks of.

And now the rest of the story: It seems that the Bud driver and the Pepsi man are neighbors. Bud driver called Pepsi driver and told him.

FACT CHECK; Bud Man Didn t Pull Products off Shelves. By Fader, Carole. Read preview. It seems that the Bud driver and the Pepsi man are neighbors.

Aug 01, 2014 Fact Check: Story about Budweiser, Pepsi and and the Pepsi man are neighbors. The Bud man called the Pepsi man and told him. Pepsi man.

Claim: A Budweiser employee who saw Arabs celebrating the 9/11 attacks at a convenience store pulled all the Budweiser product from that store.

FALSE

Examples: Collected via e-mail, September 2001

Thought you d like to know what happened in a town north of Bakersfield California. After you finish reading this, please forward this story on to others so that our nation and around the world will know about those who laughed when they found out about the tragic events in New York, PA and the Pentagon.

September 11th, a Budweiser employee was making a delivery to a convenience store in a town called McFarland. He knew of the tragedy that had occurred in New York. He entered the business to find two Arabs whooping and hollering and really cheering it up. It was obvious they were elated with what had happened earlier. The Budweiser employee went to his truck, called his boss and told him of the very upsetting event. He didn t feel he could be in that store with those horrible people. His boss told him, Do you think you could go in there long enough to pull every Budweiser product and item our beverage company sells there. We ll never deliver to them again.

The employee walked in, proceeded to pull every single product his beverage company provided and left with an incredible grin on his face. He told them never to bother and call for a delivery again.

Budweiser happens to be the beer of choice for that community. Just letting you all know how Kern County handles this situation.. And now the rest of the story: It seems that the Bud driver and the Pepsi man are neighbors. Bud driver called Pepsi driver and told him. Pepsi called his boss who told him to pull all Pepsi products as well.. That would include Frito Lay, etc. Furthermore, word spread and all vendors followed suit.

At last report, the store was closed indefinitely. Good old American Passive-Aggressive Butt-Whoopin.

Pass this along. America needs to know that we re all working together.

Origins: This

tale about an avenging Budweiser employee that first surfaced on the Internet around 20 September 2001 is but one of the

innumerable celebrating Arabs tales that circulated in the wake of the 9/11 attacks that year; variations of the same rumor type, about Arab employees caught celebrating on the 11th as they watched the events of the day unfold, has been aimed at countless businesses, both big and small. Authorities checked into many such stories and found nothing to them, however the negative effect such slanders have had on the businesses named in them is enormous. Our Hole in the Middle page details a few of these rumors, making specific mention of the ones aimed at Dunkin Donuts and National Liquidators.

The Budweiser version is every bit as much a fiction as all the rest of this genre: The events described never happened, said Dennis Muleady, marketing director for Advance Beverage of Bakersfield, the Budweiser distributor for the McFarland area. As well, a query to Anheuser-Busch produced the following response:

Please know that we have investigated the matter and have found there is no truth to this story. We ve checked extensively on this story in a number of different locations, with wholesalers and retail accounts and there is no report of a customer reacting in such a manner. Therefore, no product has been pulled from any retail account.

Like all Americans, we at Anheuser-Busch along with our wholesalers were shocked and saddened by the tragic and violent terrorist attack on our country. We keep the victims and survivors in our thoughts.

Barbara bud wiser Mikkelson

Variations:

An 18 October 2001 version of the standard e-mail changed the beer company from Budweiser to Beck.

A 30 October 2001 version opened with the canonical Budweiser story but continued on into a new second part about the Bud driver s calling his Pepsi friend and that driver s removing all Pepsi and Frito Lay products from that store as well.

An August 2009 version completed with the claim that Furthermore, word spread and all vendors followed suit. At last report, on June 26, 2009, Fareed Katib closed the store and filed bankruptcy.

Last updated: 7 September 2014

Urban Legends Reference Pages 1995-2014 by snopes.com.

This material may not be reproduced without permission.

snopes and the snopes.com logo are registered service marks of snopes.com.

The Bakersfield Californian. Attack Hoaxes Make Rounds on Web.

28 September 2001.

It seems that the Bud driver and the Pepsi man are neighbors. Bud called Pepsi and told him what had happened. Pepsi called his boss, who.

And now the rest of the story: It seems that the Bud driver and the Pepsi man are neighbors. Bud called Pepsi and told him. Pepsi called his boss who told him to pull.

Aug 20, 2009 The Budweiser Story not a joke This is TRUE. And Now The Rest Of The Story: It seems that the Bud driver and the Pepsi man are neighbors.

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Now let s look where to download torrent files. Search torrent files on torrent trackers, special sites and servers, where users share files. Some trackers might be only a list of files on the other, for an individual file can be assigned a separate page, with the most detailed description of it. It is preferable to use the latter, especially for beginners. Some torrent trackers require registration, others do not require it.

So, how to free downloads torrents. If the site has a registration, then you need first to register, if not, just write in the search box the name of the movie or desired program. If you do not know exactly what you want to fins, simply go to the category of movies or video, or games. Next, select a subcategory - Documentary, foreign, series and so on. The whole system is very similar in almost all trackers. So if you have used any other tracker and moved to a new one, you can understand a new one. After finding the desired movie, in its description may be present, such information:

Seeder is a user who distributes the entire downloaded file. Generally, the more seeds, the better, because thanks to them, upload speed is significantly increased. But even if there is no distribution, no oxide, it does not mean that you can not download the file.

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Let us summarize the information. In general, BitTorrent or simply torrent is an Internet protocol that allows you to quickly download large files. In contrast to the usual download site, using the BitTorrent file takes piece by piece in a large number of users. This allows you to download large files like music albums, movies and TV series much faster than would be obtained by means of other protocols torrent tracker.

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When using torrents, the system is very different. The file is not downloaded from any server, and, as already mentioned, it is drawn in part from a plurality of users so we do not depend on the load on a single server and its availability. However, it will not work without the server. You need a torrent client - a special program for downloading and assembling the elements of the file together. BitTorrent works based on the principle you give me, I have what you have : it is accepted not only for downloading but also to distribute, and download speeds often depends on the upload speed it all depends on how this is principled about this torrent tracker. Here is how it works:

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- Torrent client reads torrent-file and binds said it tracker to find the computers where it is currently running as a client program, and you want us to have the entire file so-called LEDs, or siderite - seeds or part peers - peers, most of all, they, like us, are now busy downloading ;

- The tracker identifies the swarm of computers that have fragments or entire file and are in the process of downloading or distribution, and involves you in it;

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- If you leave your bittorrent client running after the download is finished, you will be in a number of seeders and will be able to raise its rating on the tracker, to continue to download faster. At too low rating may apply different restrictions to download, for example, no more than one file at a time, or load may be temporarily forbidden for those who are trying to only receive, not handing out - for so-called leechers from the word leech.

Rating is a very commonly used tool to stimulate users to stay on hand, but there is a tracker, where the rating system is not applied torrent tracker.

It is noteworthy that the more popular the file is, the greater the oxides and the faster the download is note, if you boot from a traditional server situation is the opposite.

As you have already understood, installing, configuring and using the torrent client is very simple and useful. To download through BitTorrent, you must first install the program - a torrent client. You may also need to adjust the firewall settings if you use it, so that it is allowed to take the torrent files. But first things first:

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- Be online, find a movie you want to download and open it in uTorrent;

- Wait for uTorrent to download movies, parallel distributing it in fragments;

- If desired, leave uTorrent running, ie remain on hand.

If the download of the film in our example does not start, then either now no one gives out it, or your firewall software that blocks unauthorized access to computer ports blocks the uTorrent. Go to the firewall settings and open ports from 6881 to 6889 for incoming traffic which uses them BitTorrent. You may also need to enable port forwarding IP-address of your computer to the port from 6881 to 6889, to other computers on a swarm might see you. Here, you may need professional help or more detailed acquaintance with the principles of the firewall settings bad advice - you can simply disable the firewall.

Features of the BitTorrent network. BitTorrent is different from similar P2P-protocol: for each distributed file, a file with extension torrent, which contains information about the distributed file. This torrent-file can be distributed through any channels of communication such as lists of torrent-files can be laid out on special Web servers located in the user s network, sent via email, posted to blogs or news feeds RSS. Itself torrent-file contains meta information for example, hash sum address tracker, and so on of the distributed data. These are distributed through its own communications protocol based on TCP / IP.

The basic principle of the record, the distribution file is completely controlled tracker whose address is in the torrent-file, so that users download the file itself called Leecher begins to distribute as soon as downloading is suitable for this first part. Cooperative user behavior is inherent in the very architecture of the protocol, and in principle can not be selfish.

Architecture of BitTorrent provides for a file, put in a network, the only owner who is interested in its propagation. The original owner of the file generates a torrent-file. The client, in turn, downloads a file for HTTP, FTP, or simply handing out any way with extension torrent, which contains information about the address of the owner, the name and size of the desired file and its hash. That s all you need to track the progress of the process, control and response capabilities users to download an incomplete or empty file.

The key to the success of any peer to peer network typically requires users not only upload files, but also to share them with others. Meanwhile, for various reasons mostly related to payment channels, quite often users prefer as soon as possible to download the file and shut, despite the fact that the rules of etiquette written request to share with other users. This reduces the amount of available sources, because of which suffer from stability and quality of the network. The BitTorrent provides a special method of dealing with selfish leeches, which involves the user rating, where the most generous given priority on foreign servers, and those who share unwilling boot Popular files go to the end of the queue.

Participation in the exchange system of tracker-server programmers BitTorrent gave an opportunity to introduce an algorithm that prevents the appearance of incomplete files. Since the tracker stores information about segments successfully loaded on each machine, the file download will start to force new customers with the most rare segment. If BitTorrent client downloads large files, divided into 200 parts, it does not mean that the process will begin with the segment number 01 and end segment. 200. The customer always receives the segment, which occupies the last place on the prevalence of that, ideally after 200 connections to the central the server will provide an opportunity to put in a peer entire file. torrent tracker.

Download torrents

Oct 16, 2011 - Brother FAX-2820 USB Printer driver download. All the latest manufacturer s drivers available for free from Software Patch. MFC-880CDN Brother MFC-8880DN Printer Brother MFC-9420CN Printer Brother MFC-J265W.

Firmware update is available for this model. Click here to update the firmware. The Windows XP printer driver is compatible with Windows Server 2003.

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Brother FAX-2820

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PC Mechanic - Fix your PC s Windows registry errors.

The Brother Fax 2820 is one of many multifunction printers that allow you to have several functions in one machine. Because of this, it is easier to save desk space and energy. Multifunction devices are perfect for home offices and small businesses where space is usually a problem. With these devices, you eliminate the need for several separate pieces of equipment and will have the convenience of having just one device do printing, faxing, scanning, copying and other tasks for you.

Torrent Name AGE FILES SIZE; Blake s 7 S02E08 Hostage DVDRip 2CH x265 S-Less Date: 01/02/16 in.

2016-01-21

Adapter Arris Driver Rndis

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user ID

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New data for 2016 Updated Weekly

Driver/OS

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Driver Searches

Driver Downloads

Reported Installation Success Rate

Reported Reason for Installation failure

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Accumulated data for 2013: ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver

Driver

Availability

Downloads

ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows 8March

2013Included in current bundle4100 -ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows 8 ProAugust

2013Included in current bundle250 Interrupted DownloadARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows 8 EnterpriseFebruary

2013N/A3100 -ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows RTAugust

2013Included in current bundle5100 -ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows 7 StarterSeptember

2013Included in current bundle4100 -ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows 7 Home BasicAugust

2013Included in current bundle3100 -ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows 7 Home PremiumNovember

2013Included in current bundle1100 -ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows 7 ProfessionalJuly

2013Included in current bundle3100 -ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows 7 Enterprise Microsoft Windows NT 6.1.7600 October

2013Included in current bundle580 Corrupted OSARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows 7 UltimateApril

2013Included in current bundle4100 -ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows 7 Service Pack 1 Microsoft Windows NT 6.1.7601.17514 June

2013Included in current bundle5100 -ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows Vista StarterNovember

2013Included in current bundle3100 -ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows Vista Home BasicMay

2013Included in current bundle1100 -ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows Vista Home PremiumAugust

2013Included in current bundle4100 -ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows Vista BusinessSeptember

2013Included in current bundle5100 -ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows Vista Enterprise Microsoft Windows NT 6.0.6000.0 September

2013Included in current bundle0--ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows Vista UltimateJanuary

2013Included in current bundle5100 -ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows XP Starter EditionSeptember

2013Included in current bundle366 Interrupted DownloadARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows XP Home Edition, for home desktops and laptopsNovember

2013Included in current bundle0--ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows XP Home Edition NJanuary

2013Included in current bundle5100 -ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows XP ProfessionalNovember

2013Included in current bundle366 Corrupted OSARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows XP Professional NAugust

2013Included in current bundle5100 -ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows XP Professional x64 EditionMay

2013Included in current bundle250 Interrupted DownloadARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows XP Tablet PC EditionFebruary

2013N/A3100 -ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows XP Media Center EditionJune

2013Included in current bundle1100 -ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows XP Media Center EditionJune

2013Included in current bundle1100 -ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows XP Media Center Edition 2003January

2013Included in current bundle3100 -ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows XP Media Center Edition 2004January

2013Included in current bundle0--ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005February

2013To be included in next bundle5100 -ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows XP 64-bit EditionSeptember

2013Included in current bundle0--ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows XP Tablet PC EditionFebruary

2013N/A3100 -ARRIS RNDIS Adapter Driver for Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCsSeptember

2013Included in current bundle0--.

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ARRIS RNDIS Adapter last downloaded: 26.12.2015 - 2016 version. 19 Users. Download Rating: 86. Driver software: ARRIS RNDIS Adapter - driver download software.

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2016-01-21

Sstc Driver

The Micro SSTC. Page created on 11/28/03. Here is a nice simple project that is incredibly simple compared to a typical SSTC and will work well with small high.

Class E PLL SSTC. A small Tesla coil will have a high resonant frequency, making conventional driving techniques difficult. What were once low capacitances suddenly.

The SSTC 1.0 is an incredibly simple Tesla coil that is an excellent choice for both beginners and seasoned enthusiasts. The small coil produces output arcs up to 2.0 in length, and easily illuminates fluorescent and neon lights due to the electric field it creates. It also features a self-resonant feedback circuit which tunes the coil automatically. No need to spend time tuning and re-tuning your coil. With just a single press of a button, this Tesla coil snaps right into life.

This kit is specially designed for students and schools, especially science projects. Coupled with the Wireless Energy Demonstration Kit, it is an excellent demonstration piece for showing the principles of wireless energy transfer.

We now also sell a Wireless Energy Demonstration Kit that is compatible with the SSTC 1.0 coil.

Click here for SSTC 1.0 Instruction Manual Rev 3 PDF - For SSTC 1.0 PCB boards marked SC2071- or SC2071A

Click here for SSTC 1.0 Instruction Manual Rev A PDF - For SSTC 1.0 PCB boards marked SC2071B

Click here for SSTC 1.0 Instruction Manual Rev B PDF - For SSTC 1.0 PCB boards marked SC2071B - Latest Version

Click here for the SSTC 1.0 Heatsink Template PDF - Be sure to print this out 1:1 on your printer. After printing, be sure to measure the dimensions with a ruler to ensure the template printed 1:1.

Features:

- Produces up to 2 Output Arcs

- Tested to 800kHz

- Self-Resonant Design Doesn t require tuning

- Strong electric field lights up fluorescent and neon lights with ease

- Excellent SSTC for a beginner or school science project

79.99

FALL SALE.

SSTC 1.0 Board Kit

Printed Circuit Board and Board Mounted components

Includes Aluminum Heatsink

Does not include Power Transformer or Tesla Resonator

Note: Heatsink will come with a 1:1 paper template and must be drilled by the customer

99.99

Complete SSTC 1.0 Kit

Includes Printed Circuit Board and all components including Power Transformer, Heatsink, and Tesla Resonator Kit

54.99

Wireless Energy Demonstration Kit for SSTC 1.0 - Complete Kit

Includes SSTC 1.0 Receiver Resonator Coil, PCB, Components, and Pri/Sec Wire

Available Now.

Please note that this kit will only work with our SSTC 1.0 Kit

19.99

SSTC 1.0 - Schematic Only 11x17.

Loneoceans Labs first Musical Tesla Coil

Project Esmeralda

8 x 3 Secondary - 60n60 halfbridge at

400VDC - Fiber Optic Analog Music Controller - 19 Sparks

Index

After a long hiatus building Tesla Coils, I m back again to work

on something new. I built a few tesla coils from 2003 to 2005, including perhaps Singapore s most powerful homebuilt

Tesla Coil 2. At this time, the hobbyist Tesla Coil

community was ushering a new era of Tesla Coils powered by power semiconductors

instead of spark gaps. These electronic, or Solid State Tesla Coils

SSTC were probably the first

major innovation since the original spark gap Tesla Coil invented by Nikola Tesla. Only a

handful of pioneers had the electrical know-how and skill to tread into

unfamiliar territory. It was then when I decided to build one for myself. I came

up with a design and procured components to being my first SSTC back in 2005. Yet

facing heavy school commitments and a lack of time, the project was put on hold until now.

Today 2011, SSTCs have seen major innovations evolving into

several variants including the popular Double Resonant Solid State Tesla Coil DRSSTC.

This page serves to document the design and construction of Loneoceans Lab s

first Solid State Tesla Coil. I understand that

the transition from Spark Gap Tesla Coils SGTCs to SSTCs is a fairly large

jump especially for those who do not have background in electrical engineering. I

hope this page along with other pages in the future will be able to serve as a

good introductory page to the workings of an SSTC, and to show the process as to how

I built my coil.

At time of writing, I do not know of any other SSTC in Singapore, and may be

the first of it s kind in my little sunny country. Thank you for visiting my page and if you have any questions,

wish to share your projects, or feel that my projects have inspired you in one

way or another, feel free to email me at loneoceans at gmail dot com.

Update March 2012 - SSTC 1

is now complete and now plays music.

1. Introduction

2. Design

3. Construction

4. Results Media

5. Useful Links

While the initial goal of this project was to learn about the

basic workings of a SSTC before embarking on a DRSSTC, SSTC 1 performed

spectacularly and can be modulated via fiber-optic in a variety of ways, from

producing sword-like spiral sparks to playing music via an analog stereo input.

Solid State Tesla Coil 1 plays Harry Potter.

For more videos and images of the coil in action, please scroll down to

Results Media.

Early Sept 2011

Introduction

This story begins in 2005. After having built several successful

Spark Gap Tesla Coils, I had planned to embark on some Solid State coil work. In fact, I had already purchased all the necessary components for a simple half-bridge SSTC. I had bought a nice heat-sink, a pile of TO-247 IRFP460 500V 20A MOSFETs as well as the required logic circuitry components, and even had a nice toroid made of a

styrofoam-doughnut. Unfortunately, lack of time, school commitments and other

various reasons lead to the project being shelved.

I m still in school and daily work isn t getting any easier, but I now have access to a reasonably well-stocked workshop, and have since

saved up a little bit of money. I decided it was time to get re-started

on the project. So at the beginning of this year s academic semester in September 2011, I decided to build my first SSTC. This page serves to document the initial design goals, project construction, and ultimately characterization and

documentation.

Project Goals Early Sept 2011

This will be a small coil. Small means more portable, more

manageable, and possibly cheaper. However, small does not mean weak. After

reading up on SSTCs people have built over the internet, I came up with a few

manageable and challenging but not overly optimistic goals for the project. I

will refer to these guidelines throughout the project. If you are building your

own SSTC also, it is definitely good to figure out a list like this.

- Use a 3 secondary of a winding height around 7 to 8

- Maximum power input of around 1000W

- Be reliable

- Be beautiful and well constructed

- Be as compact as possible while still being easy to maintain transportable via a

bagpack

- Use a half-bridge of 60n60 mini-brick IGBTs

- Controlled via fiber-optic

- Capable of Audio Modulation

- NOT be a DRSSTC this will be my next project.

- Be a great learning experience

- Not cost too much money

- To be completed in a reasonable time frame

- Capable of good-looking sparks, preferably over a foot long

- Run off 120VAC, and when I return to Singapore, be able to run it on 240AC also

For the first time, this coil will use green-enamelled magnet copper wire for the secondary.

Therefore, this project will be named Project Esmeralda, a.k.a SSTC 1, to signify the

emerald secondary. One interesting aspect of the coil will be the ability to run on dual line voltage,

120 or 240VAC. Also, it will feature a nice polycarbonate enclosure, and be

illuminated with LEDs.

With these goals in mind, I began the project,

Design

The design of the SSTC can be basically split into: 1 The Logic Control Circuit 2 The Power Circuit 3 The Interrupter 4 Physical construction and others. This section explains my design choices, as well as what I have learned through the progress of this project.

Update: Upon popular request, I decided to write a

reasonably comprehensive Guide to Building a SSTC for beginners, which I

tried to describe the workings and design of a basic SSTC through a

build-process. See my SSTC 2 page here. It covers

the basic operation and electronic workings in much more detail than

this page 2012 .

1. Driver Logic Control

The driver is perhaps the most important part of the

SSTC. The game plan for the driver: to create suitable signals to turn

the switching bridge in this case, a half-bridge at the correct

frequency. Being my first SSTC, I came up with a basic driver with the

help and advice from Rob Bryon and Steve Ward. Many thanks to them. In this

case, I designed the schematic with the following goals in mind:

To be essentially self-contained with the following I/O

ports

- 12V DC Input from a 12V DC adaptor

- 12V DC Fan Header output for cooling fan

- 2 Pin output for Gate Drive Transformer more on this later

- 3 Pin output for FB142-ND Fiber Optic Receiver

- 1 Pin output for the Antenna

Be contained on a small circuit board

The resulting driver is very simple and compact, using

only three ICs - two 9A Mosfet Drivers from Texas Instruments and one

74HC14 inverter. Let s talk about how the driver operates.

Power Supply

There are two low-voltage rails in the circuit. 12V is

provided by a regulated switch-mode DC power supply which powers the

cooling fan and provides the voltage for the Mosfet gate driver chips.

The 7805 IC regulates a 5V line for the rest of the logic ICs. The LED

12VLite turns on when the power supply is switched on.

Logic Circuitry

The gate drive transformer which supplies the switching

signals to the MOSFETs/IGBTs is driven by the UCC Mosfet Drivers. One of

them is inverting. In order to prevent the entire circuit from running

continuously, the circuit is enabled turned on or off via a signal

from the interrupter see below. The Interrupter basically sends

1-bit signals via a fiber optic cable to the Fiber Receiver FD142 same

as IF-D96F, which is an active low. When there is light in the fiber

optic, the receiver outputs logic 0 to the 74HC14. The 74HC14 is an

inverting chip with 6 inverters on it. It basically converts a logic 1

to a logic 0 and vice-versa, and cleans up the signal in the process.

When there is no signal from in interrupter, the FD142

outputs 5V logic 1 to the inverter one of the inverters of the

74HC14, in the schematic, pins 1 and 2. The signal is inverted to a 5

logic 1, which goes to the Enable gate of the UCC3732x drivers. To get

some feedback so I know the circuit is running, RX_LED is connected to

the same pin so it turns on when a signal is sent. When the gate drivers

are enabled, a short pulse is sent by the inverting UCC, causing the

coil to begin oscillating. This oscillating electric field is picked up

by the wire antenna a voltage is induced in it.

The oscillating signal is clamped by the 1N5819 or also

suitable 1n60 germanium diodes which clamp the voltage to 5V and GND,

and is sent as input through two inverters just to clean up the

signal into nice square waves. Then it is fed into the input of the gate driver chips. Because

they are an inverting pair, they work in opposition, producing a 12 to -12

24Vpp square wave across our Gate Drive Transformer.

The Gate Drive Transformer is a small ferrite core wound

by hand and is a fantastic way to isolate the gate drive signals to each

of the transistors. It is important to make sure that the GDT core is of

a suitable material, and can be tested by doing a test winding of two

wires, one connected to a signal generator Square wave and the other

to a scope to see the output. In this case, the two outputs of the GDT

are connected in inverse across the two IGBTs, so they switch on and off

correctly in opposition. And this is how the gate driver works.

2. The Power Circuit

Unlike a Spark-Gap Tesla Coil SGTC, a SSTC does not use a spark gap to switch current into the primary coil. Rather, it uses power semiconductors such as MOSEFETs Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor and IGBTs Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor. Despite great advances in technology, these semiconductors still take a lot of beating in the extremely high pulse currents

encountered, frequently running from a few hundred amps to a few thousand. The purpose of the logic circuit is to figure out how to switch these transistors to maximize their efficiency, reduce heating, and increasing their life-span. These transistors are

after all, one of the most expensive and most crucial parts of any SSTC. Fortunately, a lot of hardworking and passionate tesla-coilers have tried a variety of these power transistors. In choosing the suitable transistor for my coil, I did a reasonably comprehensive search of the different transistors and evaluated

their data-sheet specs, known performance, and cost.

Most IGBTs and MOSFETs of these power ratings come in either the standard TO-247 flat package or the popular

but expensive SOT-227 MiniBloc package. Often many of the same transistors come in both packages with equal ratings, but the SOT-227 package is preferred for its better heat dissipation characteristics and known toughness.

I decided to try a half bridge of 60N60C2D1 IGBTs to start with.

Name

Package

Volts

Current

Diode Recovery

Digikey Price

Known Performance

IXGN 60n60c2d1 HiPerFast IGBT

SOT-227

600V

60A

35ns

19.71

At least 3-foot at 400V bus on a 12 x 4.5

secondary half bridge; or 1.5m with a full bridge on 24x5.5

secondary at 700A

IXGN 40n60 IGBT

TO-247

75A

n/a

11.54

Well known excellent performance

HGTG 30n60b3d IGBT

32us

7.59

3-feet spark in full bridge of DRSSTC

Fairchild 60n100d IGBT

1kV

1200ns

Slightly slower than the competition

IRFP460 Powermesh MOSFET

500V

20A

480ns

6.28

Used commonly in small SSTCs

IRFP 260 MOSFET

200V

46A

390ns

6.70

3. The Interrupter

This SSTC will feature two different forms of power

modulation - through a basic and well established 555 interrupter

circuit, and second via a ATMega microcontroller producing musical

tones. I later build an analog musical controller for this coil which

worked very well and receives input from a 3.5mm stereo input.

4. Physical Construction

One of the main goals I had set for this coil was durability and portability. The design of the coil was to be elegant and modern, and yet small enough to fit into a large backpack.

Construction Log

This section logs the construction of Tesla Coil Esmeralda. This is my first Solid State Tesla Coil, and I decided to construct it in a modular form. I have therefore made this log into a few sections:

1. The Secondary Coil

2. Foam Torus

Interrupter

4. Half Bridge

5. Bridge Driver

6. Enclosure

28 Sept 2011

Over the past few weeks, I have been gathering a list of components I plan to use, while trying to keep within my tight budget. I hope to make an order to digikey soon and get all the components at once. Most of the work has been in settling on a design for the coil. I had

initially planned to use a half-bridge of IRFP-460 MOSFETs because I had some of them lying around. However, I eventually decided to work on the more robust 60n60 fairchild IGBTs.

Today was a good day. In particular, I would like to thank MWS Wire Industries for kindly sponsoring 1600 feet of AWG30 Single PN-155 Green copper magnet wire for my project as a free sample. Also, I cycled to the Metropolitan Pipe and Supply Company today in an attempt to find 2.5 -diameter SCH40 PVC. It seems that most hardware shops stock only 3 or 2. These are inconvenient because they have an other diameter of 3.5 and 2.5 respectively, while the 2.5 pipe has an OD of 2.875, as per my design specifications. The people there were very understanding and gave me a foot half length for no cost. With these two components, I have most of what I need to complete my secondary coil.

30 Sept 2011

The wire has arrived. Take a look at how beautiful it is. The quality of the wire has completely surpassed my expectations and I have to thank MWS Wire Industries. The next best I could find are on ebay. Fortunately, they are not

particularly expensive. In addition, I have made an order on Digikey and hope it will arrive soon. Other people I want to thank include Bayley Wang who kindly donated a very nice full-copper heat-sink with a nice and powerful blue fan. This heat-sink will accept the two IGBT mini-bricks. The full-copper construction and powerful fan should provide equivalent cooling as a much larger static aluminium heat-sink. I also have managed to acquire a large Mallory 2500uF 450V capacitor 253J at full charge, 525V surge, as my bus capacitor. It is fairly large and places a lower-limit of my tesla-coil dimension.

Looking forward to begin construction. Meanwhile, I can begin sketching up my PCB for the logic and drive circuit of my SSTC.

08 Oct 2011

The Secondary Coil

With the wire and pipe in hand, it was time to start making the secondary coil. I ve wound several secondary coils already so this one should not be any more difficult. But before I can begin winding the coil, I ll first need to make the end caps. This will serve both as an aid for winding the coil to keep the pipe centered on a rod, and also to serve as a mounting structure. I quickly machined two end caps using some junk plastic stock lying around I m not sure what material it is but it seems like UHDPE on the lathe.

As you can see, part of the cap goes inside the pipe and is secured via three nylon screws. A hole directly through the centre will also accept another plastic bolt for mounting one end of the secondary coil to the enclosure and the other end to the topload. With this completed, I began winding the coil.

30AWG is not particularly thin, nor is my secondary coil very big measuring 2.875 in diameter,

so winding took just about an hour to complete. With about 8 inches of winding, that s just about 800 turns of wire. As you can see from the photographs, I taped the coil down at regular intervals as I wound it by hand. Once done, I secured the ends with one round of black electrical tape. To complete the coil, I varnished it with three layers of Polyurethane varnish. Any sort of polyurethane works well, but be sure to let each layer dry completely before applying the next layer. I found several thin coats to work very well in my Tesla Coils. The secondary coil is now complete.

11 Oct 2011

The Toroid

The topload of the Tesla Coil serves as a capacitor for the secondary part of the Tesla Coil circuit. It s traditionally always been the shape of a donut for several reasons - one of which because it produces a very nice electric field around the coil making it less likely to hit the base of the Tesla Coil, and also because it looks cool. There are several ways to make the topload, including blowing up a tyre inner-tube and pasting aluminium tape over, or for more fancy coils, using a spun or stamped metal toroid. Being unable to afford a nice metal toroid, I decided to make my own.

I found some nice modeling foam lying around the lab and decided to make my own foam donut. The foam was not thin enough so I glued two layers together using 3M-Spray Glue Super 77, and cut a cylindrical block on the band-saw. I then mounted it on the lathe and spent the next half an hour carefully shaping the foam by hand using a rough metal file and sandpaper. This worked remarkably well. At this point, I should caution users that this method is potentially very dangerous so I do not recommend you trying it.

After a while, I finally got the shaped I desired. The final result is nice but not perfect

because I shaped it entirely by hand, but it should work. Now the foam is rather fragile and easily dented. Therefore I wrapped it with strips of duct-tape, and then covered it with aluminium tape. The tape was then rubbed smooth using a curved object resulting in a reasonably smooth toroid. The topload is now complete. The topload measures about 3 minor by 8 major diameter.

17 Dec 2011

The Optical Interrupter

The interrupter is an important part of a Solid State Tesla Coil of any type including DRSSTCs. The reason for an interrupter is simple. When powering the Tesla Coil, one is sending huge currents at high frequencies into the Primary Coil via the power transistors. Unfortunately, these transistors are usually simply unable to handle these large currents especially in DRSSTCs where the currents are in the order of several hundred amps for any extended period of time without exploding. In many SSTCs traditional design, it is possible to run them in Continuous mode, but this places a lot of stress on the components.

The interrupter is a small circuit that basically interrupts the operation of the coil. Instead of running

continuously, the interrupter acts as a sort of switch to turn the drive circuitry to the power transistors on for a short amount of time say several hundred micro-seconds, before turning it off for a few miliseconds and then turning it back on again. This allows the duty cycle of the coil to be varied from 0 to 100. In order to make my SSTC run more reliably, I built my interrupter using a simple dual-555 circuit.

The goal of this circuit is to drive a Fiber-optic LED, with adjustable on-times, and adjustable intervals frequency. This is easily done by using one 555 timer in Astable mode which produces a continuous stream of

rectangular pulses at some frequency, which feeds into another 555 run in Mono-stable mode, which at each triggering edge of the previous 555 signal, generates an output pulse of some duration the on-time. The frequency of the Astable 555 and the on-time of the Monostable 555 are easily adjusted by varying the associated capacitor and resistor values e.g. using a variable resistor.

In order to make the interrupter circuit nice and compact, I decided to, for the first time. , design and fabricate my own PCB. This turned out to be surprisingly simple to do and yielded very nice results.

Here s how I made my own PCB. First, I designed the circuit in Eagle, which is perhaps the most commonly used PCB designing software in the world. This turned out to be very straightforward to use, and I was able to get my first circuit drawn up in an afternoon. Then I routed a single-sided PCB board, and printed out the traces using a laser printer onto magazine paper.

It is important to use magazine paper - the kind which is somewhat glossy, very thin, and quickly turns soft when exposed to water. I then literally used a hot iron and ironed on the print toner facing the copper side of a blank PCB board onto the copper. The heat makes the printer toner re-bond onto the surface of the copper. In order to remove the paper, I then submerged the PCB into warm water and allowed it to soak until the paper was completely wet. Then it was simply a matter of scraping off the paper - the toner bonds surprisingly well to the surface of the copper. Finally, the board is etched in a Ferric Chloride solution until all the copper is eaten away. The black toner is removed using Acetone.

The result - a surprisingly nice home-made toner etching. It wasn t as clean as I had hoped for but I think it s not bad for a first attempt. I drilled holes carefully using a small drill press and a tiny carbide drill bit, and installed the components of the interrupter. Notice that I tinned all the tracks of the copper using solder to make it a bit more durable. Also note the use of 3-pin fan headers for connecting other components such as the 9V battery and the variable resistors.

I tested the interrupter and it worked flawlessly. Success. The whole circuit board was then

assembled inside a nice aluminium project box I bought from Radio-shack for 3. With the interrupter now complete, it was time to make the driver circuit which will interface with the interrupter via a plastic fiber-optic cable. This will allow me to control the operation of the coil safely at a distance with no risk of getting electrocuted since the fiber optic is entirely non-conductive.

more technical information to come.

18 Dec 2011

60n60 Half Bridge

The most common circuit used in Solid State Tesla Coils

for the main inverter for the primary coil is the Half Bridge - a variant of the classic H-Bridge. If you re unfamiliar with the

terminology, the goal of the Half Bridge is basically to generate a voltage of 0.5Vs to -0.5Vs across our primary coil, where one end of the coil is held at 0.5Vs between two capacitors in series, where Vs is the source voltage.

One end of the load an inductor in this case representing the primary winding is tied to a point between two capacitors to fix it at 0.5 Vcc. The other end is switched between the ve Vcc rail and the ground. I decided to use a Half Bridge instead of a Full Bridge to save components and to maintain simplicity.

more technical explanation to come regarding the bridges.

To keep the 60N60s nice and cool and happy., I mounted them onto a nice solid-copper heatsink. Notice the protection diodes, TVS diodes to protect the IGBTs from spikes. A 5.1 Ohm resistor was connected to the gates of the transistor. The gates of the bridge are driven via a Gate Drive Transformer, which is controlled via the Driver Board see next section.

22 Dec 2011

SSTC 1 s Driver and Control Board

This is perhaps the most critical part of the operation of the SSTC - the driver, which drives the gates of the power

transistors in this case, the two 60N60 IGBTs. This design is very simple and is derived from

Rob Bryon s SSTC which is based off Steve Ward s Micro SSTC. I modified the circuit slightly to suit my needs better.

Having had practice making my first PCB with the interrupter, I once again decided to design and fabricate my own SSTC Driver board. After a while in Eagle trying to fit everything together and routing the traces to fit on one-side, I was done. I found another type of paper which transferred toner better than magazine paper, and used it as my paper transfer sheet instead. This turned out beautifully. As you can see, the results are very nice.

As per above, I tinned the traces for durability and made sure that there were no unwanted shorts or open-circuits, and carefully installed all the components referring to a large printout I made for reference. After a busy night, the driver is complete. The driver is a simple antenna-based feedback, which goes perfectly into resonance by detecting the E-field from the primary coil. The driver uses a pair of UCC337321/22 Mosfet Drivers good for 9A to drive a Gate Drive Transformer at - 12V. This creates a 24V peak-to-peak square wave across a 18-turn 1-1-1 gate drive core. The two secondaries of the GDT are connected in opposite to each of the IGBTs, so that one is switched off when the other is on. It is very important to make sure they turn on and off in tandem otherwise a short is created across the primary capacitor, which will lead to an exploded half bridge.

Mar 2012

The Enclosure and Putting it all Together

With all the parts of the Tesla Coil complete, it s time to put it all together. I decided to make the coil durable enough to be transported back to Singapore, which meant it being tough enough to withstand being tossed around in a luggage bag. Therefore, I built the enclosure out of some nice Acrylic sheets I had lying around and four aluminium columns. The case is held together via four threaded rods.

I also made the footprint of the tesla coil exactly the size of a sheet of Letter paper, so the footprint measures 8.5x11. This fits all the components comfortably.

Above are photographs of the completed Tesla Coil. The primary coil comprises of 4 turns of multi-stranded AWG12 wire wrapped directly onto the secondary coil. A thick layer of soft PVC sheeting insulates the primary from the secondary. Also note the integrated 12V power supply the blue fan which cools the head-sink, and the large bridge rectifier which supplies directly to the large blue bus capacitor. The tesla coil accepts two IEC power cords -one for the 12V power supply and the other for the bus, as well as two switches, and a fiber optic receiver which connects to the driver.

With this, my first Solid State Tesla Coils is now complete. But will it work. Stay tuned to find out.

Project Esmerala - SSTC 1 is now complete.

Results - Photographs and Videos

Mar 2012

First light. After several months in the making, it s time to see if the coil will work or not.

I plugged the coil into a variac and slow turned up the voltage to about 40V, which the coil should begin producing some visible sparks. I set the interrupter to the lowest frequency and turned up the pulse-width to about 200us - and sparks appeared. I realized that my interrupter was not configured well with a normal SSTC operation, which will do better with a pulse width of a few mili-seconds instead of micro-seconds, so it s time to adjust the interrupter. This is easily done by changing the

capacitor of the Monostable 555.

Above shows the coil working at about 200us on-time per spark at about 170VDC on the bus. SSTC 1 is alive.

It s Pi Day today. It could not be a better day to test

SSTC 1. My original interrupter was set with a duty cycle that was too

small, which isn t the best configuration for a normal SSTC. I didn t

have any capacitors at hand to change the 555 interrupter circuit.

However, since the SSTC is optically triggered, I found that flashing a

light through the fiber-optic yielded excellent results.

Note that this cannot be done with a DRSSTC - only for

SSTCs which are capable of continuous operation usually referred to as

CW or continuous wave. The above photo show the coil

in action at 120VAC input. Note the very hot, fat sparks with a very

curious spiral / corkscrew formation. It s a fascinating shape.

I modified the interrupter to achieve good performance

with SSTC 1, by adjusting the circuit to allow for pulse widths around

1.5ms.

Above shows the coil running at 120VAC input with the

longer pulse widths. This allows sufficient time

for power to be transferred from the primary to secondary circuit. A bit

of salt was added to the breakout point which lends a yellow colouration

to the sparks as the sodium ionizes and glows. I m currently working on

a voltage doubler to bring almost 400VDC to the bus - what the coil was

originally designed to handle.

I then constructed a simple Voltage Doubler, which takes in

120VAC line voltage, rectifies it and doubles it up to 339VDC peak. This

is then fed directly to the Tesla Coil primary bus. My variac is able to

boost 120VAC to about 140VAC, so at full power, the coil sees roughly

395VDC peak, almost 400V. This is still within spec for all components.

I plugged in all in an turned on the interrupter

Video showing the workings and operation of SSTC 1.

The results are spectacular, and more than I

could ask for. The coil performed admirably and reliably. I achieved

about a maximum of 19 spark to air about 48cm, which I am very

pleased with considering the 8 secondary coil length. This is almost

2.5x secondary length to spark length performance. A bit of

salt can be added at the tip of the breakout point see 3rd image above

which gives a mesmerizing yellow colouration to parts of the sparks.

Very cool.

Above is a video showing the coil in action. Notice how

the duty cycle and beats per second can be adjusted via the interrupter.

The voltage doubler box sits exposed outside and I do not recommend

this being done. I plan to put the doubler inside a grounded metal case

very soon.

Apr 2012

I installed new blue and green LEDs under my bed they

are of course wired up to dance with music - see my

LED lighting project here., and thought

it would make a fancy background for the coil. I also made a few small

changes to the coil, such as changing the LEDs at the bottom to a less

bright orange one so it doesn t saturate photographs. I also enclosed

the voltage doubler in a separate box so everything is less of a safety

hazard now.

I also tried changing the breakout point by adding a

very long wire. Mysteriously, the spark length shortened significantly,

but the results are good nonetheless. Very happy with how my coil is

running.

May 2012

My good friend Jonathan came to visit today.

We fired up the Tesla Coil and it performed admirably.

Here s a photograph left of Joanathan and the coil running at 120VAC and lighting up a

fluorescent bulb wirelessly, just as Nikola Tesla had intended it

to be. : The photo on the right is me operating the coil from

Jonathan s point of view.

June 2012

The photograph above shows the coil in my room in school

before it was packed up and shipped to Singapore. A few changes will be

required e.g. changing the 12V Power Supply to one that runs on 240VAC

before the coil is operational again.

August 2012

Update. Solid

State Tesla Coil 1 has been brought back to Singapore and now

lives here permanently with 240VAC without a pesky voltage doubler box.

Coil running at about 200VDC on the bus in Singapore after some

modifications

The coil has received some small adjustments since, and

now runs on a halfbridge of IXGH 60N60C2ND 75A 600V IGBTs in TO247-like

package, and I ve also replaced the capacitor with a more reasonable and

smaller array of four Nippon Chemicon 400V 470uF capacitors in series.

It now runs directly off 240VAC mains for about 380VDC on the bus with

the same excellent performance as before. The 12V power supply has been

replaced with a small iron-transformer power supply.

The above photographs show the details of SSTC1 and

compared to the newly improved

Tesla Coil 2. It s now time to progress to

DRSSTCs.

Some updated specifications

After taking into account insulation thickness of the

windings, I should have closer to 730 turns of wire on the 8 winding

length. With a 2.875 diameter secondary and a toroid measuring 3 x 8,

this puts the secondary resonant frequency around 465kHz or so. This

high frequency is not ideal for the IGBTs and in hindsight, I should

have made a lower-frequency setup. However, the high frequency probably

contributed to the sword-like sparks of the coil, and the big toroid

helped in increasing the brightness and power of the sparks.

Good Links

Here are some nice and very useful web pages.

More to come soon.

Back to main page

c Gao Guangyan 2016

Contact: loneoceans at gmail dot com.

Intro: Solid State Tesla Coil. A solid state Tesla coil is one of the kinds of Tesla coils available. It has several advantages over the more common spark gap tesla coil.

I know how a full bridge works and I knew it takes four; I was talking about a half bridge, like the kaizer SSTC I. but useing a single Mosfet, I tryed it and it.

Solid State Tesla Coil and Wireless Power. Version 1. Prefix: This is a Solid State version of a Tesla coil.

The SSTC 1.0 is an incredibly simple Tesla coil that is an excellent choice for both beginners and seasoned enthusiasts. The small coil produces output arcs up to 2.0.

A guide to how to build a SSTC the design and construction of the weekend coil SSTC 2.

The Mini SSTC. Page Created: 1/15/04. Updated 4/30/07. I built this small coil in about 1 day of work. Its small and relatively safe. It produces up to 7 of spark.

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